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Arborist Cert > Tree Biology > Flashcards

Tree Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Angiosperm

A

A flowering plant or tree

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2
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Group of seed producing plants and trees

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3
Q

Meristem

A

Specialized growth initiation areas were new cells arise from the division of existing cells

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

A process which changes a cells structure that allows it to assume a variety of specific functions

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5
Q

Primary growth

A

Growth from the root and shoot tips resulting in an increase of height and length

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6
Q

Secondary growth

A

Growth that increases the thickness of stems and branches

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7
Q

Apical meristem

A

The area of primary growth at the tips of roots and shoots

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8
Q

Bud

A

Newly developing shoot

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9
Q

Cambium

A

A vascular lateral meristem. A thin sheath of dividing cells located just under the bark which produces cells that will become the vascular system of the tree

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10
Q

Xylem

A

Tissue which transports water and nutrients from the roots to the stems and leaves. Also stores carbohydrate (starch) reserves and defends against disease dysfunction and decay.

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11
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that transports photosynthates, sugars and other metabolic products down the tree from the leaves

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12
Q

Cork cambium

A

The second lateral meristem that produces the outer tissues and the bark

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

The primary structural component in cell walls

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14
Q

Lignin

A

A rigid component of cell walls that form microfibrils ( long chains of cellulose) creating the structural integrity of the cell walls

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15
Q

Tracheid cells

A

Elongated closed ended dead cells with pointed tips and thickened walls, that conduct water and provide mechanical support

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16
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Living cells interspersed among other cells that store carbohydrates and defend against decay

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17
Q

Vessels

A

The primary conducting elements in angiosperms (eudicotyledon)

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18
Q

Ring porous

A

The formation of wide vessels early in the growing season and narrower vessels later in the season

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19
Q

Diffuse porous

A

Uniform vessel size production through out the growing season

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20
Q

Growth rings

A

The result of the cambiums seasonal xylem production

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21
Q

Early wood

A

Cells produced early in the growing season

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22
Q

Late wood

A

Cells produced later in the growing season

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23
Q

Sapwood

A

Xylem that conducts water

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24
Q

Heartwood

A

Non water conducting xylem that contains no living cells and is often darker in color

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25
Q

Rays

A

Made up of parenchyma calls that grow radially across the xylem and into the phloem. Transports and stores carbohydrates and protects against decay

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26
Q

Lenticels

A

Small openings in the bark that allow gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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27
Q

Apical bud/Terminal bud

A

Buds located at the end of the shoot

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28
Q

Axillary buds / Lateral buds

A

Located along the stem

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29
Q

Apical dominance

A

Occurs when the apical bud chemically inhibits the growth and development of axillary buds on the same shoot

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30
Q

Adventitious buds

A

Buds that are produced along stems or roots where meristems are not normally found

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31
Q

Epicormic shoots or sprouts

A

Latent buds or adventitious buds that produce elongated shoots

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32
Q

Node

A

Slightly elongated portion of the stem where leaves and buds develop

33
Q

Internode

A

The area between nodes

34
Q

Branch collar

A

The annual production of layers of tissue that form around the branch and the stem

35
Q

Branch union

A

The junction of specialized wood where the branch meets the stem

36
Q

Branch bark ridge

A

An external sign where specialized wood growth is occurring between the branch and the stem

37
Q

Included bark

A

Occurs when bark grows between the branch and stem in the branch bark ridge and prevents the development of the specialized wood for structural support

38
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Specialized cells that contain chlorophyll used in photosynthesis

39
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

40
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process in which sunlight is used to synthesize carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates

41
Q

Transpiration

A

The controlled loss of water from stomata in the leaves to facilitate water uptake through the xylem

42
Q

Cuticle

A

The waxy covering on leaves to prevent the desiccation of the leaf

43
Q

Stomata

A

Small openings on the under sides of leaves to control water loss and gas exchange

44
Q

Guard cells

A

Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata in response to environmental stimulus by cellular turgor

45
Q

Deciduous

A

Trees that seasonally lose their leaves

46
Q

Evergreen

A

Trees that hold their needles or leaves for more then one year

47
Q

Abscission zone

A

The area at the base of the leaf stalk, or petiole,in the autumn; serves two functions, enable leaf drop and to protect that area from pathogen entry or desiccation.

48
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Red and purple pigment that is produced during fall

49
Q

Carotenoids

A

Yellow orange and red pigments produced during fall. This pigment protects leaf cells from UV radiation

50
Q

Absorbing roots

A

Small fibrous roots that are the primary tissues growing along and from the ends of larger woody roots. Usually found in the upper 30 cm of soil.

51
Q

Lateral roots

A

Horizontal roots that usually grow near the surface soil

52
Q

Sinker roots

A

Grow vertically downward off the lateral roots. Provides better anchorage and access to water deeper in the soil

53
Q

Tap root

A

The initial root grown off a seedling that grows straight down. Offer replaced or diverted from its downward growth later in life

54
Q

Root crown

A

The area where roots meet the main trunk of the tree (aka trunk flare)

55
Q

Zone of rapid taper

A

The zone where the roots taper down dramatically into longer thinner roots

56
Q

Respiration

A

A process independent of light where carbohydrates are converted in a controlled manner into energy

57
Q

Transpiration

A

Is the loss of water vapor through the stomata in the leaves

58
Q

Cell turgor

A

Pressure built up by water inside cells, can be controlled by the cell

59
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water through a membrane from a high water potential area to a low water potential area

60
Q

Source

A

An area of part of a tree where carbohydrates are produced or stored

61
Q

Sink

A

An area where carbohydrates are consumed or where carbohydrates are consumed more than are being produced

62
Q

Axial transport

A

The transport or water or nutrients vertically through the xylem or phloem

63
Q

Radial transport

A

Movement of water or nutrients within the tree through cells of different ages typically done through ray cells

64
Q

Ray cells

A

Living channels of cells that run horizontally through the tree that transport water and nutrients

65
Q

Plant growth regulators

A

Chemical messengers that regulate growth and development

66
Q

What are the major hormones in plant growth regulation

A

Auxins, cytokinins, gibberelins, ethylene, abscisic acid

67
Q

Auxins

A

A plant growth regulator mainly found in shoot and root tips. Important for root development

68
Q

Cytokinins

A

Produced in the roots and are instrumental in root and shoot initiation and growth

69
Q

Tropism

A

The directional growth of a plant or tree in response to environmental stimulus

70
Q

Decurrent growth

A

Where lateral shoots out grow the vertical shoots and the tree develops a more rounded canopy

71
Q

Excurrent growth

A

Growth where the vertical shoots out grow the lateral shoots, and form a central leader. Ex conifers

72
Q

CODIT

A

Compartmentalization of decay in trees

73
Q

Compartmentalization

A

The process where trees can limit or stop dysfunction or decay

74
Q

In Shigos model of codit what are the four walls?

A

Wall 1: resist the longitudinal spread of decay by plugging xylem vessels and/or trachied pits

Wall 2: resist inward decay by developing late wood cells and depositing special chemicals into these cells

Wall 3: inhibits lateral spread of decay by activating ray cells to resist decay.

Wall 4: new wood tissue that grows around the decay to prevent the outward spread of decay

75
Q

Which three walla form the reaction zone

A

Walls 123

76
Q

Which wall or walls are the barrier zone

A

Wall 4 new wood tissue

77
Q

Shakes

A

Lengthwise separation of wood along the grain usually occurring between growth rings

78
Q

Name the layers of a tree from the outside in

A

Epidermis, cork cells, cork cambium, phelloderm, cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem

Arborist Cert (1 decks)

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