Treaty of Versailles

Question 1

What Year Did Germany sign The Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 1

June 1919

Question 2

How did the Germans feel towards The Treaty of Versailles? (3 Points)

Answer 2

1) Germans did not feel they caused war yet forced to sign guilt clause.
2) Did not feel they had lost war - 1918 Germans thought they stopped fighting for Peace not that they were defeated.
3) Felt should of been invited to Treaty of Versailles - German Government no influence over Treaty’s Terms + forced to accept them.

Question 3

State all 6 ways in which Germany was punished.

Answer 3

1) Germany had to Accept Blame for starting war - Clause 231 of Treaty
2) had to pay Reparations (country bankrupt + people starving). £6,600 million
3) **Disarmament **- German army reduced to 100,000, Conscription banned, No submarines/aeroplanes, only six battleships, de-militarization of Rhineland. Unfair Germany could not protect herself.
4) **Loss of Territory **- Germans living under foreign rulers, Saar (industrial area) given to France, German Colonies to Britain, France, Japan.
5) Colonised countries given self- determination through Fourteen Points - (Estonia, Latvia).
6) Germany not allowed to join the League of Nations.

​

Question 4

What were the long term consequences of The Treaty of Versailles? 4 Points

Answer 4

1) The Weimar Republic (newly elected German Goverment, leader = Ebert) was considered fragile and unpopular since it was forced to sign the ToV.
2) Germany was forced to pay reparations causing hardship, hyperinflation 1922 - 23, invasion of Ruhr by French troop.
3) Loss of Territory seen as humiliating.
4) **Limited Armed Forces **- made Germany seem weak when other countries kept military strength.

Question 5

What were the impacts of the ToV? 5 Points

Answer 5

1) Weimar Republic Hatred.
2) Chaos-Kapp Putsch (March 1920)
3) Reparations.
4) French Invasion of Ruhr (January 1923)
5) Hyperinflation (1922-23)

Question 6

1) What was the Kapp Putsch?

Answer 6

1) Failed Rebellion against Weimar Republic in March 1920

Question 7

How was Hyperinlation caused in Germany and what were the consequences of it?

Answer 7

. Ruhr Strike - no goods produced.

. German Government solved problem - printing money causing hyperinflation from 1922-23.

. German economy collapsed + millions suffered (prices/wages rose).

. Money/Savings became Worthless.

Question 8

1) How satisfied was Britain and Lloyd George with the ToV?
2) How satisfied was Clemenceau with the ToV?
3) What was American Goverments Reaction to the ToV?

Answer 8

1) Public= satisfied, but Lloyd George thought harshness could cause German Revenge.
2) Clemenceau thought treaty not harsh enough.

Wanted:

. Germany broken up into its pre-1870 regions.

. Rhineland handed over to France rather than de- militarised.

3) . Congress didnt support/vote treaty Wilson negotiated = America didn’t join League of Nations.

. America didn’t want to get involved European Affairs.

Question 9

1) What was the Treaty of St Germain (1919)?
2) How did it affect Austria?
3) Which countries Goverment was unhappy with it and why?

Answer 9

1) . Treaty which separated Austria from Hungary,

.forbade future Anschluss (Germany + Austria),

.forced Austria disarm,

Gave Austrian territory away:

. Bohemia + Moravia to Czechoslovakia

. Bosnia and Herzegovina + Serbia to Yugoslavia

. Gave Austrian Colonies self-determination.

2) Austria suffered economic problems (much of industry given to Czechoslovakia) = Austria no longer leading European power.
3) Italians- Italian Goverment felt deserved more land.

Question 10

1) What was the Treaty of Neuilly (1919)?

Answer 10

1) Treaty in which Bulgaria lost territory to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia + Lost Access to Sea + Disarm

. Bulgaria treated less hard (played small part in war).

. Many Bulgarians governed by foreign powers.

Question 11

1) What was the Treaty of Trianon (1920)?
2) How did it effect Hungary?

Answer 11

1) Treaty in which Hungary lost territories:

. Ruthenia, Slovakia to Czechoslovakia.

. Solvenia, Croatia to Yugoslavia.

2) . lost territories which it got raw materials-industry suffered.

. **disarm**

Question 12

1) What was the Treaty of Sèvres (1920)?
2) Why was Turkey important?
3) Was the Treaty successful?

Answer 12

1) Treaty in which Turkey:

. lost control of straits to Black Sea

. former lands (Egypt, Morocco,Tunisia) now under British + French Mandates.

. Lost Territories:

. Smyrna to Greece.

. Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan = League Mandates under British Control.

. Syria to League Mandates under French Control.

2) it’s Strategic Postition and Size of it’s empire.
3) No, Tukish nationalists (leader=Mustafa Kemal) drove Greeks out Smyra.

. result is Treaty of Lausanne (1923) - returned Smyrna to Turkey.

Question 13

1) What was the League of Nations?
2) What were the League’s aims? (4 Points)

Answer 13

1) League of Nations-organisation which encouraged countries to co-operate and maintain peace by settling disputes by negotiations rather than war.
2) Aims (Covenant):

. prevent aggression from nations

. encourage co-operation between nations

. work towards international disarmament

. improve living + working conditions of all people

Question 14

1) What happened in the Ruhr?

Answer 14

. 1923-Germany did not pay reparations.

. January 1923-French/Belgian troops occupy The German industrial area (Ruhr).

. German workers protested at invasion.

Question 15

1) What was the Structure of the League of Nations? (7 points)

Answer 15

1) *Structure:

. The Assembly (debating chamber)

. The Council

. The Permanent Court of Internationl Justice

. The International Labour Organisation (ILO)

. The Secretariat

. Peacekeeping Role

. Commisions

Question 16

What did The League of Nations have the power to do if the members were acting aggressively? (4 points)

Answer 16

1) the League could:

. say it disapprovred of the aggressing countries actions

. impose economic + financial sanctions

. encourage it’s members to stop trading with that country

. use military force

Question 17

1) How was the League of Nations weakened? (6 points)

Answer 17

1) had no armed forces of own-League had to rely on Britain/France, without these countries, League was powerless.
2) Military resort always last resort-1920s Britain/France still recovering from economic cost of WW1.
3) Economic sanctions difficult to enforce-Member countries unwilling to stop trading with aggressor because will damage own trade and aggressor’s. Economic sanctions used against Italy (1936) not effective.
4) USA did not join LoN-despite Woodrow Wilson main planner of LoN many Americans isolationist + wanted to keep USA out of European affairs. Without presense of World’s most powerful nation LoN weak.
5) 1917-Communist government took power in Russia + made new treaty with Germans.

.Goverment suspicious of Western countries

.Soviets encouraging revoloution in other countries

.early 1920s-anti-communists attack with Western support = Soviet Union did not join LoN.

6) Germany = defeated country 1918

. forced to accept ToV

. not allowed join LoN-could seek revenge and makes Germany distant.

. after 7 years improving relationships + Locarno agreements (1925) = Germany joined (1926)

. absense of major powers-everything depended on British/French goverments for leadership.

Question 18

What were the International disputes which the LoN successfully solved?(9 Points)

Answer 18

1) .Memel 1923-Having lost Vilna, the Lithuanians seized Memel Port
2) Upper Silesia 1921-inhabited by Poles and Germans

. at Versailles decided should be plebiscite, this went in favour of Germany

. but League decided to split between two countries.

3) Corfu 1923-. Italian surveyors killed by Greek soldiers

. Mussolini occupies Greek Island, Corfu

. Greeks appeal to League but France + Britain did not want to alientate Mussolini

. Greeks forced to apologise + pay compensation to Italy

4) Austria 1922-with help of League’s financial experts Austrian Government prevented economy collapse, it reformed it’s currency + restructured finances.
5) Yugoslavia/Albania 1920-League intervened to prevent Yugoslav invasion of Albania.
6) Greek-Bulagria border dispute, 1925-Greek invasion of Bulgaria

. League condemned Greek aggression

forced Greeks withdraw.

7) Mosul, 1923/24- Mosul given to Iraq in Treaty of Sèvres (1923.

. Turks refused to accept this part of Treaty + League commision set up to solve dispute

. League awarded Mosul to Iraq but agreed to change British Mandate terms (given independence after 25 years).

. Colombia/Peru, 1932-League intervened in dispute when Peruvian group seized Colomian border post at Leticia

League sent commision to supervise ceasefire + arrange Peruvian withdrawl.

Question 19

1) Why did the LoN want Disarmament?
2) Why did it fail?

Answer 19

1) mid 1920s widely believed weapons build up helped to cause WW1.
2) 1925 League set up commision to plan disarmament conference.

Britain/France would not co-operate so conference never took place.

Question 20

1) What was The Locarno Treaties?
2) What did the Treaty suggest about international relationships?
3) How was the treaty flawed or undermined?

Answer 20

1) October 1925-German, British, French, Italian, Belgium, Czechoslovakian and Polish representatives met to sign series of agreements:

. A Rhineland pact-Belgium, France and Germany borders fixed according to ToV + guranteed by Britain+Italy

. Rhineland remain Demilitarised

. France guranteed Poland+Czechoslovakian help if German attack

. Germany agreed not to use force to settle disputes with neighbours

2) Germany treated as equal partner and suggested Europe was entering phase of Peace, Security and international co-operation.
3) No gurantee of Germany’s Eastern Frontier-Gave impression Polish+Czech borders with Germany= Not Permanent + able to change in future by Germany

. This part of Treaty seen as undermined ToV since Germany’s eastern fronts didn’t seem as permanent as her Western Frontiers.

Question 21

1) What was the Kellog-Briand Pact (Paxt of Paris)?
2) What did they agree?

Answer 21

1) 1928 French (Briand)/USA (Kellogg) foreign ministers drew up agreement signed by 65 other nations
2) To condemn war as way of solving international disputes + not go to war for five years, except for self-defence.

Question 22

1) Why did the additional attempt at disarmament fail in 1932?

Answer 22

1). Hitler looked to increase forces size and rearm Germany + left LoN 1933

. despite ToV terms Britain signed separarte Naval agreement with Geramy-keep German navy within 35% of British navy size

Question 23

What were the League’s agencies and commisions successes? (7 Points)

Answer 23

2. ​Leagues commisions worked to eliminate illegal weapons sale + child slaves
3. Minorities commision provided restraint against goverments unsympathetic to minority groups problems
4. Drugs commision reduced dangerous drugs sale
5. World Health Organisation helped countries control outbreaks of life-threatening diseases (Malaria, Yellow Fever, Typhus)
6. Successful refugee organisation-400 WW1 POWs repatriated
7. Freed 200,000 Sierra Leone Slaves
8. Spent £10 million helping Turkish refugees.

Question 24

1) How did The International Labour Organisation (ILO) make contributions to improvement of peoples working conditions? (4 Points)

Answer 24

1. agreed target 8 hours working days + 48 hours working week
2. accepted all workers right to join trade union + have annual pay holiday
3. agreed no one under 15 working full-time
4. regularly published findings/recommendations to increase pressure on Governments worldwide.

Question 25

1) Why could problems in the USA affect the whole world's trade? 2) What year did the US economy crash? 3) What were the results of the crash? (3 Points) 4) What were the effects of Depression? (5 Points)

Answer 25

1. 1920/30s USA was world's richest country 2. 1929-US economy crash 3. Americans stopped buying goods from other countries . American banks asked foreign businesses pay back loans given earlier (1920s) . Trade collapsed + worldwide economic depression. 4. . Businesses collapse . Unemployment rises . Fewer Goods Sold . Further Unemployment = Social Problems + Political Unrest in many countries.

Question 26

1) What happened as the US stopped buying? (4 points) 2) What were the Political consequences caused by The Depression? 3) Why was Protectionism a bad idea?

Answer 26

1) * Companies that exported to USA suffered * European Industrial Production fell by third * Europe suffered Unemployment and Depression * USA stopped lending money 2) * Countries tried Protectionism-charged tariffs/duties on imported goods. * Aim-duties made foreign goods more expensive so home-produced goods seemed more attractive * Idea-protect home industries and jobs from foreign competition. 3) * Reduced amount of world trade * made effects of Depression worse + slowed recovery down.

Question 27

1) Name the two Biggest Failures of the League and their dates? 2) Describe the events in Manchuria in 6 Points. 3) What were the 3 Reasons why the LoN failed in Manchuria? 4) What impression did the League's failure give European dictators?

Answer 27

1) Manchuria 1931 and Abyssinia 1935 2) * 1931 Japan invaded Chinese Manchuria * Chinese Goverment appealed to League for assistance * Instead of economic/military sanctions League sent Commision to investigate Japanese agression * Lytton Commision concluded Japan acted unreasonably * League demanded Japanese withdraw but too late + Condemned Japenese agression, Japan left league (1933) and continued Manchuria occupation * League Humiliated. 3) * Britain + France wasn't prepared give League support needed * Most European countries preoccupied by Depression effects so unwilling to get involved. * League too slow. 4) * European dictators like Mussolini and Hitler realised West would not stand up to determined military action

Question 28

1) What were the effects of the Depression on people?

Answer 28

1) as world trade decreased + unemployment rose to record levels people turned away from democratic parties to support extreme groups (Nazi Party) + Dictators (Hitler, Mussolini).

Question 29

1. What happened in 1931? (4 Points) 2. Why did the LoN recieve support? 3. What did these events prove to European Dictators about the LoN?

Answer 29

1. 1931-Japan invaded Chinese Manchuria * Government appealed LoN help instead military aggression/sanctions sent commision investigate Japanese aggression. * Commision concluded Japan acted unreasonably * 1933-LoN demanded Japan withdraw/condemned aggression=Japan left + continued occupation- LoN humiliated 1. Britain/France occupied effects Great Depression/unwilling become involved/Japan ally with Britain/France + LoN member. 2. West would not stand up to determined military action.

Question 30

1) When was the last time Italy tried to invade Abyssinia? 2) Describe the events in Abyssinia in 5 Points. 3) What was the Hoare-Laval Pact? 4) What Alternative deal did Mussolini sign?

Answer 30

1) 1896 2) * 1935-well-equiped Italian force led by Mussoloni invaded Abyssinia * Haile Selassie (Abyssinian Leader) appealed to LoN for assistance * League condemned Italian Aggression + Imposed economic sanctions (but not effective-still allowed to buy oil for Tanks) * France/Britain keen not offend Mussolini in case joins forces with Hitler * Mussolini completed Abyssinia invasion + Left LoN. 3) * Deal between British Foreign Secretary (Samuel Hoare) and Pierre Laval (French Prime Minister) to give most of Abyssinia to Mussoloini to Appease him. Plan did not work and was Publicaly Condemned in 1935. 4) * Mussolini signed Rome-Berlin Axis (friendship treaty) with Germany, 1936. *

Question 31

1. How long did Mussolini rule for? 2. What was his aim? 3. Which Treaties did he sign and how did these treaties benefit Italy 4. Why was Mussolini suspicious of Hitler in the early 1930s 5. When and How did Mussolini's policy change? 6. How did Mussolini's aggressive actions affect his relationships with world powers?

Answer 31

1. 1922-1944 2. Increase Italy status as major power 3. Signed Locarno/Kellog-Briand Pact = Italy play more active role in foreign affairs 4. Mussolini suspicious of Hitler = opposed Austia Anscluss (1934) + closer to Britain/France (joined Stresa Front) 5. 1935-Increase Italian territories overseas = attack Abyssinia to extend Italian land in Eritrea/Somaliland. 6. Ruined relationship with Britain/France = Undermined Stresa agreement * Italy closer Germany, 1936-Mussolini signed Rome-Berlin Axis with Hitler, 1939-Pact of Steel strengthened ties.

Question 32

1. How was Japan rewarded by WW1 victory? 2. What sort of country did Japan develop into, Why did the Wall Street Crash and the GD have a big impact on Japan? 3. When and Why did Japan invade the Chinese province of Manchuria? 4. What did Japan do to Manchuria? 5. What sort of foeign policy did Japan have and how did this influence their actions? 6. How did Hitler gain confidence from the Abyssinia and Manchuria events?

Answer 32

1. Takeover Mariana, Marshall, Caroline Islands in Pacific Ocean 2. Japan developed quickly-modern trading nation * depended heavily on importing foreign goods/raw materials=Japan felt let down by West 1. 1931-Manchuria=Rich natural resources/raw materials provide larger Japanese goods Market. 2. renamed Manchukuo + installed former Chinese emperor as head of state 3. expansionist foreign policy 1937-Japanese forces attacked China 4. Showed that the LoN would not stop countries' aggression.

Question 33

1. What were Britains main foreign policy after WW1? 2. What were the feelings in Europe concerning Peace and how were these feelings justified? 3. Why did Britain/France NOT support the LoN and how was this demonstrated? 4. What were Britains Foreign policies in mid 1930s and how was this demonstrated? 5. At what point was it obvious that appeasement had failed, and what were Britains actions? 6. Why did the British Foreign Policy fail to prevent war?

Answer 33

1. Deal with ireland problems/re-establish British authority in Empires 2. Optimism Europe entered stability; * 1926-Germany admitted into LoN * Locarno Treaties eased tensions between France and Germany. 1. World Depression=Major effect European Stability * Japanese invasion of Manchuria + Failure LoN to act 1. Mid 1930s-Appeasing European Dictators * Hope Mussolini with Hitler * Chamberlain/Government gave concessions to Germans to maintain peace 1. March 1939-Hitler took over Czechoslovakia * Full Scale Re-armament 1. Government not willing to go to war until 1939/to save peace * Losses WW1 so great governments willing look alternatives rather than risk another war.

Question 34

1. How was the French Government hit after the war? 2. Why did the French Government feel let down by it's former allies? 3. What was the French Foreign Policy between 1918-1939

Answer 34

1. Northern part destroyed=industrial sites * 5 million dead/wounded * 1919-USA refused ratify ToV/Left French Government no further support against German aggression. 2. After 1918-Encouraged Germany towards recovery 3. Search for security against Germany = Protect frontiers + sign military agreements with German Bordering Countries

Question 35

1. What were the Weimar Republics main Aims after WW1 and how did Germany's condition improve? (3 points). 2. What year did Hitler come to power and what were his Foreign Policies Aims? (4 points) 3. What happened In the Spanish Civil War and when? (3 Points

Answer 35

1. improve political stability in Germany * Mid-1920s recovering-Dawes Plan (USA financial support). * Stresemann-French relations improved * 1926-Germany admitted LoN 2. 1933: * Dismantel/Abolish ToV * Lebansraum eastern Europe * Austria Anschluss * Defeat Communism 3. 1936- war between Nationalists and Republicans * Hitler sent Luftwaffe assist Nationalists/Bombed Republican cities (Guernica) * National Victory-1939

Question 36

1. What happened in the Rhineland in 1936? (5 points) 2. What Treaties did this breach and how did it benefit Hitler.

Answer 36

1. ToV-not allowed troops in Rhineland (de-militarized) * 1936-France occupied with Britain (Domestic Problems) = Didn't want to provoke Germany * Hitler sent troops Rhineland * French retaliate=strict orders retreat * unwilling act without British support-did nothing 2. ToV breach/Locarno agreements breach + Hitler propaganda

Question 37

1. What happened the last time Hitler tried Anschluss, and did Hitler resolve his problem this time? (4 Points) 2. What happened in Hitlers second attempt in 1938? (4 points

Answer 37

1. Tried 1934 * Mussolini Unwilling-Italian Troops near Austrian border as warning * Signed Rome-Berlin Axis * Hitler success Rhineland (1936) encouraged him try again 2. Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg invited Germany- bullied accept Nazi Seyss-Inquart as Austrian Interior Minister. * Ordered Plebiscite * Threatened invade if Schuschnigg not resign * 12 March 1938-German Army entered Vienna.

Question 38

1)What happened in March 1939 to the Czechs? (6 points)

Answer 38

1. March 1939-dissapeared from the map * Czechs forced agree special German terms ( lived under German control * Hitler invaded all Czechoslovakia * Bohemia/Moravia=German Protectorate * Slovakia=German satellite state * Ruthenia handed to Hungary

Question 39

1) What was the Sudentenland and how did it come about? 2) What happened in the Sudentenland in 1933? 4 points 3) How did Neville Chamberlain try to establish a solution? 3 points 4) What happened in 22 September? 3 points 5) What happened in September 29? 5 points 6) How did the Czechoslovakian Government feel? 5 Points

Answer 39

1. 1919-Czechoslovakia created parts Austro-Hungarian empire * Sudentenland-new Czech state containing German speakers. 2. 1933-Sudeten leader called territory become independant. * 1938-Hitler ready invade Sudentenland * Hitler ordered unrest - Newspapers produced fake crimes against Sudetens by Czechs * Hitler threatened war if solution not found 3. Lord Runciman sent to Czechoslovakia pursuade Czech leader Beneš accept terms. * accepted terms * Hitler then wanted Sudentenland part of Germany. 4. September 1922-Beneš refused German demands * Chamberlain appealed Hitler more time * Czech army mobilised/French reservists called up/ British Fleet alert 5. Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini met-Munich Conference * Czechs/Russians not invited * Sudentenland to Germany * commision decide which territory Czechs lose 6. Humiliated: * Vital area Sudentenland lost/natural raw materials lost * Octover/November-Hungary/Poland occupied other Czech territories without punishement * Beneš resigned=Hacha * Federal state made out what left.