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Treaty of Versailles Flashcards

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1
Q

When was an armistice agreed between the Allies and Germany WW1?

A

11 November 1918

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2
Q

Only a peace treaty would officially end the war, when was the peace treaty signed?

A

June 1919.

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3
Q

What were the expectations from the peace treaty of the people of Europe?

A

The people of Europe wanted lasting peace.
To prevent the slaughter of the First World War.
However, many people felt that Germany should be made to pay for the damage done.

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4
Q

What is a term used to describe the entire peace settlement of 1919-23?

A

The Versailles Settlement (not the same as the Treaty of Versailles which is just one part of the Versailles settlement)

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5
Q

What treaty was Germany affected by and when?

A

Versailles - 28 June 1919

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6
Q

What treaty was Austria affected by and when?

A

Saint Germain - 10 September 1919

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7
Q

What treaty was Bulgaria affected by and when?

A

Neuilly - 27 November 1919

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8
Q

What treaty was Hungary affected by and when?

A

Trianon - 4 June 1920

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9
Q

What treaty was Turkey affected by and when?

A

Sèvres - 10 August 1920

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10
Q

What treaty was Turkey affected by and when? (2nd one)

A

Lausanne - 24 June 1923

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11
Q

By how many states was the Paris Peace Conference attended?

A

32

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12
Q

What countries were excluded from the Paris Peace Conference? Why?

A
  • Defeated powers
  • Soviet Russia, following the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917
  • The Allied Powers refused to recognise the new Bolshevik Government
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13
Q

What were common themes in the treaties of the Versailles Settlement?

A
  • loss of land
  • reparations
  • disarmament
  • (covenant of the LofN)
  • (to recognise the independence of new nations)
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14
Q

Treaty of Saint Germain - main points

Austria

A
  • diasarmament - army limited to 30,000 volunteers, no navy or air force
  • union between Austria and Germany was forbidden
  • reparations (including in farm animals) - Austria did not pay much in reparations as her economy was so weak
  • recognised the independence of Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
  • land lost - Austro-Hungarian empire dismantled, land lost to Italy, Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia
  • Population fell from 22 million to 6 million
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15
Q

Treaty of Neuilly - main points

Bulgaria

A
  • disarmament - army limited to a force of 20,000 volunteers, four torpedo boats, no air force
  • reparations - set at $100 million
  • land lost - land lost to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece
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16
Q

Treaty of Trianon - main points

Hungary

A
  • disarmament - army limited to a force of 35,000 volunteers and 3 parol boats
  • no conscription
  • reparations - apart from some shipments of coal, Hungary could not meet the demands for reparations so the payments were suspended
  • land lost - Austro-Hungarian empire dismantled, land lost to Yugoslavia, Romania and Czechoslovakia lost nearly 75% of its land
  • population fell from 21 million to around 7.5 million
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17
Q

Treaty of Sèvres - main points

Turkey

A
  • disarmament - 50,000 soldiers, seven sailboats and 6 torpedo boats, no air force
  • reparations - the economy was to be controlled by the allies
  • land lost - the Ottoman Empire was broken up, areas such as Iraq and Palestine became British mandates, Syria became a French mandate, Armenia became an independent country, the Straits of the Dardanelles would be placed under international control, lost territory to Greece and Italy
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18
Q

Treaty of Lausanne - main points

Turkey

A
  • Turkey confirmed the loss of its provinces in the Middle East
  • Received back most of its European territory
  • The Dardanelles Strait was to return to Turkish sovereignty
  • Restrictions on armed forces were removed
  • Turkey no longer to pay reparations
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19
Q

Why did they create a second treaty for Turkey?

A

The treaty provoked backlash in Turkey
Turkish nationalists, led by Kemel Attaturk, rebelled against the Sultan and rejected the treaty
They drove out the Greeks from Smyrna
1923, a new treaty was signed at Lausanne in Switzerland
This removed foreign control over the economy.
Turkey also regained land and some control over the Dardanelles.

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20
Q

Who represented Britain at the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Prime Minister Lloyd George

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21
Q

Who represented France at the Treaty of Versailles?

A

President Clemenceau

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22
Q

Who represented USA at the Treaty of Versailles?

A

President Wilson

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23
Q

Why did Clemenceau want revenge in particular?

A

He had watched France be invaded by the Germans twice. 1870 and then 1914
France had suffered many casualties
Over 1 million dead soldiers

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24
Q

What were Clemenceau’s aims?

A
  • to punish Germany and ensure it was too weak to attack France again
  • to return the Alsace-Lorraine region to France
  • he accepted the League of Nations but believed it would need to be strengthened to deal with Germany
  • an independent Rhineland which would weaken Germany
  • huge reparations
  • compensation
  • to disband the German army so that Germany would never be strong enough to attack France again
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25
Q

What were Lloyd George’s aims?

A
  • to please the electors who wanted to ‘make Germany pay’
  • to leave Germany strong enough to trade with
  • to safeguard Britain’s naval supremacy
  • balance will of the voters with the economic need to continue to trade with Germany
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26
Q

Why did Lloyd George need to please the public?

A

1918 - won a general election

Was aware that the people who had voted for him wanted revenge on Germany, slogans eg ‘Hang the Kaiser’

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27
Q

What were Wilson’s aims?

A
  • to end war by creating a League of Nations based on his 14 points
  • to ensure Germany was not destroyed
  • not to blame Germany for the war - he hated the Guilt Clause
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28
Q

What was the League of Nations?

A

An international organisation where the leaders of countries could settle problems in the hope that they could avoid wars

29
Q

Why was Clemenceau satisfied?

A
  • got Alsace-Lorraine
  • got German colonies
  • got harsh reparations
  • got a tiny Germany army
  • Anschluss banned
  • Happy with clause 231
30
Q

Why was Clemenceau dissatisfied?

A
  • wanted an independent, not demilitarised Rhineland which remained part of Germany
  • wanted even higher reparations
  • Germany still had an army
  • He was angry that France got the Saar coalfields for only 15 years
    Most French people did not think the League of Nations would protect them against Germany
31
Q

Why was Lloyd George satisfied?

A
  • gained some German colonies
  • German navy was destroyed
  • Germany army reduced
  • money to repay debts
32
Q

Why was Lloyd George dissatisfied?

A
  • thought the treaty was too harsh, saying ‘we shall have to fight another war in 25 years time
  • reparations too high
  • German people put into ‘new countries’
  • dissatisfied with German resentment
  • British diplomat Harold Nicosolson called it ‘neither just nor wise’ and the people who made it ‘stupid’
33
Q

Why was Wilson satisfied?

A
  • got the league of nations accepted
  • new nation states set up in Eastern Europe according to his principle of self determination
  • plebiscites
34
Q

Why was Wilson dissatisfied?

A
  • thought the treaty was too harsh
  • self determination proved impossible to implement - neither Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia survived as united countries
  • too high reparations
  • lack of universal disarmament
  • mandated territories
  • many Americans did not want to get involved in Europe and thought it would be sacrifice national sovereignty so in 1920 the American Senate refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations
35
Q

What were the key ideas of Wilson’s 14 points?

A

Main aim of 14 points was world peace:

1) setting up league of nations
2) disarmament
3) self determination for the people of Europe - the right to rule themselves
4) freedom for colonies
5) freedom of the seas
6) free trade
7) avoiding German resentment
8) no more secret agreements

36
Q

Why did Wilson have the least drastic approach?

A
  • He could afford to be an idealist due to the low numbers of casualties in the USA
  • soldiers did not start fighting until late 1917
  • small loss of 116,000 compared to that of other allies
  • economy and land hardly affected
37
Q

Why did the USA not join the LofN or sign the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Many Americans did not want to get involved in Europe
  • Thought it would be sacrifice national sovereignty
  • 1920 the American Senate refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations
38
Q

Why was the treaty a recipe for disaster?

A
  • reparations could ruin European trade
  • weaker countries more prone to Communism
  • poor = more desperate = more aggressive foreign policies
39
Q

What did the Germans expect the treaty to be based on?

A

Wilson’s plan - the 14 points

40
Q

Why was Britain and France not willing to base a peace settlement on the fourteen points after November 1918?

A
  • huge casualties = want for revenge and harshness (use statistics eg 750,000 British soldiers dead)
  • not want a reduction of armaments for all countries
  • free navigation of the seas during a war would be a problem for Britain
  • self determination yet Britain and France had empires (realised Wilson’s view of colonies would cause problems as well)
41
Q

What were the key terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

1) Land lost (10%)
2) Disarmament/ military restrictions (conscription banned and army limited to 100,000)
3) Reparations (£6.6 billion)
4) War guilt clause

42
Q

What land did Germany lose because of the Treaty of Versailles? KNOW THIS

A
  • Alscae - Lorraine returned to France
  • Overseas colonies became mandated territories of the League of Nations
  • Danzig = free city under LofN & Poland could use port for external trade
  • West Prussia and Posen were transferred to Poland
  • East Prussia cut off from rest of Germany
  • Saar Basin = LofN for 15 years then plebiscite, France take the coal profit
  • Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania was land that would have been taken from Russia to Germany but was made into independent states
  • Ruhr eventually occupied by French
  • Upper Silesia plebiscite then went to Poland
  • the Rhineland was demilitarised
  • forbidden Anschluss
43
Q

What was Germany forced to do in terms of disarmament? KNOW THIS

A
  • 100,000 men no conscription
  • no tanks or armoured vehicles or heavy artillery
  • no military of naval air force
  • navy restricted to 6 battleships, 12 destroyers, 6 light cruisers, 12 torpedo boats, no submarines
  • Rhineland was to become a demilitarised zone
  • its navy was reduced to 15,000
44
Q

What was Germany forced to do in terms of reparations?

A
  • had to accept liability for reparations

- £6.6 billion

45
Q

What was Germany forced to do in terms of the war guilt clause?

A
  • Germany and her allies had to accept total responsibility for starting the war
46
Q

What did Germany hate the most about the treaty?

A
  • the War Guilt clause (Article 231)
  • the land losses
  • reparations (including economic land lost)
  • diktat (dictated peace)
47
Q

How had Britain suffered from WW1?

A
  • less than France & Belgium
  • no part of their country was ever occupied by enemy
  • 750,000 British soldiers dead and over 1.5 million were wounded
  • government deeply in debt
  • spent £9 billion on war and £1 billion was borrowed from Americans and would have to be repaid
48
Q

How had France suffered from WW1?

A
  • worst of the fighting took place in France
  • an area larger than Wales was ruined
  • 1.4 million soldiers wounded
  • over 1 million dead
  • over 2 million fled homes, 75,000 of which were destroyed and another 23,000 being factories
  • farmland became useless mud
  • huge impact on economy
49
Q

How had USA suffered from WW1? What did this lead to?

A
  • USA suffered least of all countries
  • no fighting until 1917
  • loss of 116,000 (small in comparison)
  • economy/ land hardly affected
  • Wilson could afford to be an idealist and didn’t appreciate strong feelings against Germany so simplified the problems
  • growing feeling that USA should have nothing to do with Europe
50
Q

Reasons why Germany hated the war guilt clause?

A
  • Other great powers had also played a major role in the outbreak of the war, Germany too had suffered (2 million Germans killed)
  • Meant humiliation for something the Germans didn’t feel responsible for
  • Gave the allies justification for causing reparations which affected the German economy and people’s lives
  • led to other terms being extremely harsh
  • caused feelings of shame and left Germany being ostracised
  • for the Germans, the war was a war of self-defence against Russia, which had mobilised 31 July 1914 During the 1920s, the Germans published all their secret documents from 1914, to prove they had tried to stop the war
51
Q

Reasons why Germany hated the reparations?

A
  • the amount set, far too high
  • made worse by Germany having spent heavily on the war
  • the treaty had deprived it of industrial regions (such as the Saar) - meant repayment was impossible
  • led to hyperinflation and further poverty and hunger for German people
52
Q

What did Germany say about the treaty of Versailles being a dictated peace?

A
  • Germany had not surrendered but only agreed to an armistice
  • Germany was still deep in enemy territory when armistice was signed, unusual for a defeat
  • German politicians had arrived at Versailles to negotiate, but had terms imposed by victorious powers
  • Had to sign treaty or the blockade of Germany would continue
53
Q

Reasons why Germany hated the loss of land?

A
  • lost more than 10% of Germany and between 6-7 million of its people became part of Poland
  • territorial losses particularly in the East were humiliating
  • the population of Danzig was mostly German
  • East Prussia was split apart
  • significant resources were lost (50% of iron and steel industry) leading to unemployment and a general loss of prestige
  • the principle of national self determination had been completely ignored (14 points)
  • negative impact on economy so hard to pay reparations
  • money can’t pay reparations
  • humiliating
  • went against self determination
  • lost population eg most of Danzig was German
  • lost valuable resources
54
Q

Reasons why Germany hated the military restrictions?

A
  • hated that their security was weakened
  • led to insecurity as surrounded by hostile nations
  • increased unemployment as not only soldiers but ammunition factory workers etc
  • felt unfair as it was only Germany that had to rearm contrasting the 14 points
  • couldn’t defend itself yet wasn’t allowed to join the League of Nations
  • The demilitarisation of the Rhineland was hated because the Weimar republic was weak, and there were many rebellions.
    In April 1920, when the Germans sent troops into the Rhineland to stop rioting, the French invaded. The Germans said that not to be able to send troops even to places inside Germany was a national insult.
55
Q

How did the allies justify German criticisms of the dictated peace?

A
  • many felt the Germans had showed ‘double standards’ due to the Treaty of Brest Litovsk in 1918 which was harsher than the treaty of Versailles
  • Germany had intended to pay off its war debts by taking reparations from defeated nations, instead of raising taxes like other countries
  • said that Germany was beaten in 1918 as it was unable to carry on fighting
56
Q

Treaty of Brest Litovsk terms and why it was used to justify Versailles:

A
  • Britain and France believed they would have been treated with equal severity if the allies had lost the war
  • treaty of Brest Litovsk ignored 14 points which helped persuade Wilson that Germany should suffer as a punishment
  • Russia lost 34% of land and had to pay reparations of 300 million gold roubles
57
Q

How did the allies justify German criticisms of the military restrictions?

A
  • surrounded by smaller independent countries so in a way positive as could be protected from the danger of Russia
  • Germany had invaded France twice (1870 and 1914) so restricted for protection of France
  • Germany’s militaristic outlook had led to conflicts and was key cause of war especially the naval race with Britain
  • as the defeated power it would definitely lose militaristic strength
58
Q

How did the allies justify German criticisms of the reparations?

A
  • Britain and France were also in debt due to WW1
  • Fighting in the West had caused severe damage to parts of France and Belgium
  • Germany wanted Russia to pay enormous reparations so Germany would have done the same to Britain and France
59
Q

How did the allies justify German criticisms of the land loss they suffered?

A
  • needed to restrict Germany’s power
  • some land lost was justified eg Alscae Lorraine was returned to France after being taken 40 years back
  • Danzig and the Polish corridor was needed to give Poland access to the sea
  • Germany took substantial amounts of land from Russia in Brest Litovsk
  • Wilson’s 14 points were never agreed to be the basis for Versailles, those were just Wilson’s idealistic views
60
Q

How did the allies justify German criticisms of the War Guilt - clause 231?

A
  • German invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the war
  • the Schlieffen plan was the first aggressive move in the West (plan to invade France - so therefore defeated enemy)
  • Germany was possibly more to blame than the others
  • simply a legal necessity to make pay reparations
61
Q

general reason why fair/ unfair

A

fair:

  • Brest Litovsk
  • 14 points not basis
  • the Schlieffen plan = invasion brought France and Briain into the war
  • fought in France and Belgium - needed compensation and casualties

unfair:

  • reparations and economic land
  • loss of territory
  • diktat
  • war guilt
  • double standards - not keeping to 14 points
62
Q

General impacts of TofV on Germany (economic and political)

A

Economic:

  • suffering from cost of ww1
  • heavy reparations
  • loss of industrial land
  • poverty
  • hyperinflation crisis 1923

Political;

  • Communism
  • right wing eg Freikorps
  • difficulties for Weimar Republic
63
Q

Political impacts in detail

A

Weimar government signing treaty led to:

  • right wing politicians and activists expressing their disapproval by supporting attempts to overthrow the government eg Munich Putsch of November 1923
  • a number of assassinations of high ranking government ministers eg Walter Rathenau by right wing extremists
  • Left wing extremists promoted rebellions such as the Ruhr of 1920
  • many members of army joining Freikorps and then when allies pressured government to disband it, staged a coup under the command of Wolfgang Kapp and declared a new government (only unsuccessful because of general workers strike which brought public services to a standstill)
64
Q

Why was the Weimar government immediately unpopular?

A
  • when Weimar government signed the treaty, immediately unpopular despite no other option (even called November criminals) (this was because the defeat in the war came as a huge surprise to the German people, and many ordinary German soldiers, which led to a theory that the brave German army had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by the politicians)
65
Q

Economic impacts in detail

A
  • Germans claimed they were signing a ‘blank cheque’ as no figure was stated. when it was they claimed they couldn’t afford it
  • Germany lost valuable economic resources, yet had to repay war debts and reparations
  • inflation, rising unemployment, poverty, homelessness
  • crisis came in 1923 and was triggered by the reparations issue
  • Germany couldn’t pay 1922 instalment
  • French though they were trying to escape obligations and together with Belgium in 1923 occupied the Ruhr, Germany’s most valuable industrial area
  • German government ordered peaceful strike action
  • French responded by killing over 130 Germans and expelling over 100,000
  • German expenditure increased yet income decreased
  • Then printed more money to make up for lost revenue which caused hyperinflation
66
Q

Plebiscites of treaty

A

Upper Silesia - partitioned between Poland (1/3) and Germany (2/3)
Saar Basin - returned to Germany after 15 years of league control and profit from coal mines going to France
East Prussia - remained part of Germany
Schleswig - partitioned between Germany and Denmark

67
Q

What was the Young plan?

A

1929
The Young Plan was an attempt by former wartime allies to support the government of Weimar Germany.
The Young Plan further reduced reparations to 112 billion Gold Marks – then equal to about $8 billion. The money was set to be paid over 59 years with the equivalent of $473 million paid each year.
First, Germany could become a valuable trading partner with the US. Secondly, there was the constant fear that communism might spread from the USSR. Therefore if the German people could see the benefits of capitalism, they would embrace the ideology and turn their backs on the ‘plague from the east’

68
Q

What was the Dawes plan?

A

In 1924, the Dawes Plan had been introduced to bring Weimar out of hyperinflation and to stabilise its economy.
Charles Dawes.
if the Dawes Committee could find some way to boost Germany’s economy, then in future years Weimar Germany should have been in a position when she could have started to make full payment.
The first major decision was that the Ruhr was to be returned to the full control of the Germans and that French and Belgian troops would pull out of the region as soon as was possible
A third decision to come out of the Dawes Plan was the restructuring of Weimar’s national bank, the Reichsbank, which would be supervised by the Allies.

History year 10 (2 decks)

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