Treatment for select GI infections Flashcards

1
Q

what to treat Clostridioides difficile

A

Vancomycin (ORAL)

Fidaxomicin

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2
Q

What to treat Campylobacter jejuni

A

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

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3
Q

what to treat Salmonella Spp.

A

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

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4
Q

what to treat Shigella spp

A

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

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5
Q

what is vamcomycin

A

Glycopeptide: Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of the growing peptide chain during cell wall synthesis, resulting in inhibition of the transpeptidase, which prevents further elongation and cross-linking of the peptidoglycan matrix

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6
Q

what is Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolone

inhibiting two enzymes involved in bacterial DNA synthesis, both of which are DNA topoisomerases

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7
Q

what is Fidaxomicin and Azithromycun

A

Macrolide

inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis, by binding to the 50s sub unit

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8
Q

what are the Anthelmintics

A
Benzimidazoles
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Thiabendazole*
(*cutaneous use only)
Miscellaneous
Ivermectin
Nitazoxanide
Praziquantel
Pyrantelpamoate
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9
Q

what is the meachanism of action pf the benzimidazoles

A

Inhibition of microtubule polymerization via beta-tubulin binding
Reduced glucose transport

Inhibition of mitochondrial fumarate reductase
Resulting in immobilization and death

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10
Q

what is Benzimidazoles used on?

A
Roundworm
Hookworm
Whipworm
Threadworm
Pinworm
Hydatid cysts (Echinococcusspp.)

Pork tapeworm
Circulation/Tissue form of Cysticercosis or in Neurocysticercosis

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ivermectin

A

Binds selectively, and with high affinity, to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels

Induces a hyperpolarization resulting in a tonic paralysis of the worms’ nerves/musculature

Resulting in immobilization and death

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12
Q

what is Ivermectin used for

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

With albendazole for lymphatic filariasis

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13
Q

Mechanism of action for Nitazoxanide

A

Interfers with pyruvate:ferredoxinoxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction

Essential to anaerobic energy metabolism

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14
Q

what are uses pf Nitazoxanide

A

Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia labmlia
Entamoeba histolytica

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15
Q

Mechanism of action for Praziquantel

A

Increases cell membrane permeability resulting in loss of intracellular calcium, massive contractions ending in paralysis of musculature

Disintegration of schistosome tegument followed by attachment of phagocytes leading to death

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16
Q

what organisms does Praziquantel

A

Schistosomaspp.
Echinococcus granulosus(with albendazole)
Taenia spp.
Diphyllobothrium latum

17
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Pyrantel Pamoate

A

A depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
Opens non-selective cation channels and induces a marked, persistent activation of nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors
Stimulates release of acetylcholine
Also shown to inhibit cholinesterases
Results in spastic paralysis of parasite

18
Q

Mechanism of action of Paromomycin

A

Exact mechanism for protozoa unknown, known to work similar to other aminoglycosides (30-S)

19
Q

what are the organisms that Paromycin treats

A
Entamoebahistolytica
Diphyllobothriumlatum
Echinococcusgranulosus
Taenia spp.
Schistosomaspp.
20
Q

Mechanism of action of Metronidazole and Tinidazole and their uses

A

Believed to serve as a pro-drug; activated by electron transfer process creating nitro-radicals which disrupts DNA, killing the organism

Entamoebahistolytica
Giardia lamblia
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile

21
Q

what is the mechanism of action and examples of use of Atovaquone-Proguanil

A

•Mechanism of Action
Atovaquone selectively interferes with mitochondrial electron transport and ATP/pyrimidine biosynthesis

Proguanilselectively inhibits bifunctional dihydrofolatereductase-thymidylate synthetaseenzyme of plasmodia resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis and depletion of folate cofactors

•Examples of Uses:
Plasmodium falciparum

22
Q

what is the best treatment for Amebiasis

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Metronidazole followed by Paromomycin

23
Q

what is the best treatment for Hook worm

A

Ancylostoma spp.
Necator americanus
Albendazole (Mebendazole)

24
Q

what is the best treatment for Roundworm

A

Ascarislumbricoides

Albendazole (Mebendazole)

25
Q

what is the best treatment for Giardiasis

A

Giardia spp.

Metronidazole (Tinidazole)

26
Q

what is the best treatment for Tapeworm Adult form

A

Diphyllobothrium latum
Taenia spp. (incl. T. solium, except cysticercosis specific)

Praziquantel

27
Q

what is the best treatment for tapeworm larval forms

A

Echinococcusgranulosus
Albendazole + Praziquantel

Taenia solium(Cysticercosis)
Albendazole

28
Q

what is the best treatment for Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Mebendazole (Albendazole)

29
Q

what is the best treatment for Schistosomiasis

A

Schistosoma spp.

Praziquantel (+ steroids for neurological disease (dz.)

30
Q

what is the best treatment for Threadworm

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

Ivermectin

31
Q

What is the best treatment for Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

Mebendazole (Albendazole)

32
Q

what is the best treatment for Trichinellosis

A

Trichinella spp.

Albendazole (Mebendazole) (+ steroids for severe dz.)

33
Q

what is the best treatment for Cryptosporidium spp.

A

Nitazoxanide

34
Q

what is the best treatment for Cyclospora cayentanensis

A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)

Ciprofloxacinfor sulfa-allergic patients