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Mental health + Well being > Treatment approaches to anxiety > Flashcards

Treatment approaches to anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Theory of Anxiety (Beck, 1976)

A
  • Dysfunction occurs from an individual’s interpretation of events which in turn influences behaviours important in maintaining emotional problems
  • Situation -> negative automatic thoughts -> reaction
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2
Q

What do negative automatic thoughts and distortions in processing reflect (Beck, 1976)

A

Underlying beliefs and assumptions stored in memory
They can be verbal, images, involuntary, rapid and negative

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3
Q

What are unhelpful thinking styles within cognitive theory

A

Overgeneralisation, magnification or minimisation, mind reading, arbitrary inference

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4
Q

What is overgeneralisation?

A

applying a conclusion to a range of situations based on isolated evidence

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5
Q

What is magnification or minimisation?

A

enlarging/reducing importance of events

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6
Q

What is mind reading?

A

assuming people are reacting negatively to you despite a lack of evidence for this

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7
Q

What is arbitrary inference?

A

drawing a conclusion without sufficient evidence

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8
Q

7 Principles of cognitive theory (Beck, 1976)

A
  • Emotional disorders are maintained by a thinking disorder
  • Negative interpretations involve distortions in thinking (thinking errors)
  • Biased processing manifests as automatic thoughts which are content specific
  • Distortions and automatic thoughts reflect schemas
  • Schemas remain dormant until activated
  • Individuals behave in a way that is consistent with their schemas
  • Behaviour is important in maintaining emotional problems
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9
Q

Panic disorder: Clark’s (1986) panic model

A

Panic results from catastrophic misinterpretation (CM) of internal situations
Perceived threat -> Apprehension -> Body sensations -> Interpretation of sensations as catastrophic

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10
Q

How do therapists challenge belief in catastrophic misinterpretation?

A

Corrective info
Socratic method (What makes you think anxiety can cause a heart attack?)
Behavioural experiments (Hyperventilation provocation)

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11
Q

What is the recommended treatment in NICE guidelines for treating psychological disorders?

A

CBT (higher recovery in panic and social phobia

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12
Q

CBT use and recovery rates in GAD and MDD

A

50% recovery

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13
Q

Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) steps

A

Step 1: assessment, active monitoring

Step 2: low-intensity treatment

Step 3: high intensity treatment

Step 3+: multi-disciplinary treatment, often complex/recurrent cases

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14
Q

Recovery in IAPT

A

50% recover, 66% improve

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15
Q

Issues with CBT

A
  • Relapse rates are a problem, esp in depression
  • Some anxiety disorders are harder to treat (OCD, GAD)
  • CBT is no more effective than exposure therapy for PTSD and OCD
  • Its efficacy appears to be falling (Johnsen & Friborg, 2016)
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16
Q

What does CBT do?

A

Challenge the content of thoughts

17
Q

What is Metacognitive Therapy (MCT; Wells, 2009)

A
  • Challenges metacognitive beliefs
  • Based off of S-REF model
  • Overcomes theoretical limitations of CBT
18
Q

Principles of MCT

A
  • Thoughts don’t matter, but your response to them does
  • Psychological distress is maintained by cognitive attentional syndrom (CAS)
  • CAS includes worry, rumination, threat monitoring, unhelpful coping strategies
  • CAS is driven by metacognitive beliefs (beliefs about thinking)
19
Q

Negative metacognitive beliefs

A

Uncontrollability/dangerousness of worry “I can’t control my worrying”

20
Q

Positive metacognitive beliefs

A

Benefits/usefulness of worrying “worrying helps me cope”

21
Q

Metacognitive Model of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Trigger -> Positive meta-beliefs -> type 1 worry -> negative meta-beliefs -> type 2 worry -> behaviour, thought control & emotion

22
Q

What is type 1 worry (GAD)

A

About social, self and world
Not enough to cause GAD on its own

23
Q

What is type 2 worry

A

Meta-worry
“I’m losing out on life because of worrying”

“I’m abnormal for worrying”

“I am going crazy with worrying”

24
Q

MCT for GAD

A

Generate case formulation

Share case formulation

Challenge uncontrollability metabeliefs

Challenge danger metabeliefs

Challenge positive metabeliefs

25
Q

Is MCT more effective than CBT? (Normann & Nexhmedin, 2018)

A

Significantly so, highly effective in treating anxiety and depression

26
Q

Is MCT more effective than CBT? (Normann & Nexhmedin, 2018)

A

Significantly so, highly effective in treating anxiety and depression

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