treatment

Question 1

Vagal manoeuvers

Answer 1

induce vagal firing from the cardiovascular control centre in the medulla, in order to slow the heart rate, and interrupt the rapid ventricular rate in a supraventricular tachycardia.increase in transmural pressure in the aorta, and the initial baroreceptor reflex causing an initial slowing of the heart, through afferents to the medulla and a reduction in sympathetic outflow and increased vagal firing.

Question 2

Cardioversion

Answer 2

cardioversion is the delivery of electrical energy that is synchronised with the QRS complex in an attempt to revert an abnormal rhythm
defibrillation is the non-synchronised delivery of electrical energy and is used in unstable rhythms (pulseless VT or VF)
benefits and risks need to weighed
may be monophasic or biphasic
high success rates in SVT and atrial flutter
100,150,200

Question 3

Adenosine

Answer 3

CLASS 5

short acting anti-arrhythmic
naturally occurring purine nucleoside
MECHANISM OF ACTION

depression of SA & AV nodal activity
antagonises cAMP-mediated catecholamine stimulation of ventricular muscle

Question 4

Adrenaline

Answer 4

adrenaline is a naturally occuring catecholamine acts on alpha and beta adrengic receptors. the receptors cause in heart rate increase (B1), increase force of contraction (B1), Bronchodilation (B2) and peripheral constriction (A1) 20mcg-50mcg intervals of a minute NO MAX

Question 5

Atropine

Answer 5

Atropine is a competitive muscarinic antagonist, used to treat drug-induced bradycardia. It block ACHL on the vagus nerve to stimulate SA node activity to fire more concentrations and blocks adrenal gland activity 600 mcg

Question 6

Amiodarone

Answer 6

CLASS

class III anti-arrhythmic
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Prolongs action potential of the refractory period of atrial, nodal and venticular tissues.Reduces conduction
prolongs cardiac action potential & delaying refractory period
Delays K+ efflux
Depresses Na+ influx
Depresses Ca2+ influx
Partial antagonism of alpha & beta receptors buy reducing number of receptors or uncoupling adenyl cyclase

Question 7

Defibrillation

Answer 7

200, 300,360

shace ,not wet , 360 access ,

Question 8

Frusemide

Answer 8

a loop diuretic that acts by inhibiting sodium and chloride absorption in the ascending loop of Henle
Use for congestive heart failure
Do not use for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema QAS

Question 9

Aspirin

Answer 9

irreversible acetylation of cyclooxygenase -> blocks the production of prostaglandins from membrane phospholipids -> inactivation of platelet aggregation by arachidonic acid and collagen.
USE- ACS and cardiogenic pulmonary odema
DONT - allergy , psychostimulant use, suspected bleed, peptic bleed, patients <18
300 mg

Question 10

GTN

Answer 10

Vasodilator that decreases preload by increasing venous capcity ,pooling venous blood in veins reducing venticular pressure and after load, vasodilation of coronary arteries decreasing spasms
attaches to nitric oxide on smooth muscle then converts GTP to cgmp promoting decrease in Ca+ reducing myosin activity for increasing blood pressure
USE ACS, odema
don’t 150< or <50 systolic <100 ,Head trauma

Question 11

GTN dangers

Answer 11

Patients with RV infarction are very preload sensitive (due to poor RV contractility) and can develop severe hypotension in response to nitrates or other preload-reducing agents.
Hypotension in right ventricular infarction is treated with fluid loading, and nitrates are contraindicated.

Question 12

Clopidogrel

Answer 12

anti-platelet agent
MECHANISM OF ACTION

inhibition of the ADP platelet receptor and subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex -> inhibits platelet aggregation on PY12 recpetor

Question 13

Tenecteplase

Answer 13

CLASS

thrombolytic
MECHANISM OF ACTION

selectively binds to fibrin and converts plasminogen -> plasmin -> degradation of fibrin matrix

Question 14

Enoxaparin

Answer 14

Anticoagulant, the inhibition of thrombin through clotting cascade of inhibit of 10

Question 15

IPPV

Answer 15

Intermittent positive pressure ventilation, With intermittent positive pressure ventilation, the lungs are expanded by actively blowing air into them. to improve and promote the cough mechanism, (2) to improve distribution of ventilation, and (3) to enhance delivery of inhaled medications.

Question 16

PEEP

Answer 16

Positive end-expiratory pressure raises functional residual pressure and capacity above the level at which alveolar closes . Goals are to minimise alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation ,reduce trapped gas,decrease work load and maintain ventialation
FOR - Odema ,Asthma, COPD ,Hypoeximia

Question 17

CPAP

Answer 17

Continuous Positive air pressure ,non invasive ventialtion. Reduces work of breathing and improves gas exchange . Increases thoracic pressure leads to reduce venous return , reduced afterload and improve cardiac function. Used for Asthma unresponsive to salbutamol and odema

Question 18

BIPAP

Answer 18

Bilevel positive airway pressure ,BPAP treatments are designed to keep the airway from collapsing and allow users to breathe easily and regularly during sleep.patients find the constant singular pressure uncomfortable to breathe against. Exhaling can be challenging for some patients who are using CPAP devices at higher pressures.The BiPAP machine is designed to increase the pressure when you inhale to keep the airways in the nose and throat from closing while you are sleeping, and provide a lower pressure during exhalation that continues to maintain an open airway.

Question 19

Pulmonary odema patho and treatment

Answer 19

increase of osmotic pressure in pulmonary curcuit pushing fluid across the gradient cauing fluid in aveloi
caused from LVF or hypertension

Treat with PEEP CPAP GTN aspirin and oxygen

Question 20

MI priorities

Answer 20

mprove myocardial oxygen supply 
	• Restore coronary blood flow 
	• Pain management 
	• Control Heart rhythm 
	• Inhibit cardiac remodelling (healing of oxygen starving, minimise damage , monitor and manage.)

Question 21

systemic hypertension

Answer 21

• Vasodilators or nitrates
  
  • Beta Blockers
  • Calcium channel blocker
  • Diuretics
  • centrally acting sympatholytic (blocks sympathetic)
  • ACE inhibitors

Question 22

RV congestive HF

Answer 22

RV weakens
decrease CO
decreased renal blood stimulating renin anglotensin and aldosterone
back up into systemic circulation j
increased venous pressure causing push of odema
very high pressure distends neck veins and cerebl odema

Question 23

LV congestive HF

Answer 23

LV weakens
CO decrease
decrease renal blood flow of renin angiotensin and aldosterone
High pressure in pulmonary