Treaties

Question 1

Treaty of Paris

Answer 1

Establishment of the ECSC (1952)
^ first European supranational institutions: High Authority; Common Assembly (EP); special council of ministers; Court of Justice

Question 2

Treaty of Rome

Answer 2

-Establishment of the EEC* and EURATOM (1957)
-*Common market: customs union; promotion of economic cooperation; free movement of people, goods and capital
-new institutions: Commission, Assembly, Court of Justice, Council

Question 3

Treaty of Brussels (Merger Treaty)

Answer 3

EEC, ECSC and EURATOM sharing a single institutional structure
(1965)

Question 4

Single European Act (SEA)

Answer 4

(1986)
-Establishment of a European Single Market - abolishment of non-tariff barriers
-Enhanced role of the EP in decision-making: cooperation (internal market issues) and assent procedures (association agreements/ accession)

Question 5

Maastricht Treaty (TEU)

Answer 5

(1992)
-Creation of the EU, EMU, EU citizenship
-Pillar structure ( 1, Supranational- European Communities; 2,3, Intergovernmental - CFSP, JHA)
- introduction of the co-decision procedure

Question 6

Treaty of Amsterdam

Answer 6

(1999)
-post of High Representative of the CFSP
-enhanced cooperation
- Schengen into the EU
-modifications in the pillar structure: 1, supranational- European Communities (+JHA); 2, intergovernmental- CFSP; 3, intergovernmental- PJCCM (police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters)

Question 7

Treaty of Nice

Answer 7

(2003)
Redefinition of EU Council voting system: re weighting of MS votes; possibility for any decision to pass via MS support (representing 62% of the EU population) on request of any MS
- extension of QMV
- reduction in size of the Commission (1 MS = 1 Commissioner)
-increase in EP size
-introduction of “yellow card” procedure
- enhanced cooperation easier to pursue

Question 8

Constitutional Treaty

Answer 8

(2005- rejected)
- abolishment of the pillar structure
-introduction of the OLP
- QMV : dual majority basis; extended usage
- permanent presidency for the EU Council
-limitation in EP size
-post of Union Minister for Foreign Affairs
- clarification of EU policy competences (governance modes)

Question 9

Lisbon Treaty

Answer 9

(2009)
- abolishment of pillar structure
-TEU+ TFEU (former TEC)
- OLP as default legislative procedure
- EP can veto the Commission/ Council has to take results of EP elections into account when nominating the Commission President (art. 17.7, TEU)
-EP acquires budgetary and treaty-change powers
-division of EU competences
- double-hatted post of HR/VP
-introduction of the CFR

Question 10

Methods used to avoid referenda (3)

Answer 10

-government collusion method
-domestic factors (period of reflection)
-depoliticization