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Paramedicine > Trauma, Medical, Terms > Flashcards

Trauma, Medical, Terms Flashcards

1
Q

three causes of shock

A

heart failure, abnormal dilation of blood vessels, blood volume loss

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2
Q

What are the causes and effects of abnormal dilation of blood vessels?

A

usually the result of spinal or head injury that causes the nervous system to lose control over the blood vessels. The vessels dilate, causing BP to drop and blood to pool in the outer areas of the body, away from the vital organs.

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3
Q

What are the causes of blood volume loss?

A

caused by either external or internal bleeding. May also result from profound fluid loss during illness or injury, ie plasma from burns, dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting, excessive urination.

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4
Q

Percentage of the body’s blood contained in the heart

A

3%

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5
Q

Percentage of the body’s blood contained in the lungs

A

18%

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6
Q

Percentage of the body’s blood contained in the arteries

A

11%

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7
Q

Percentage of the body’s blood contained in the veins

A

61%

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8
Q

Percentage of the body’s blood contained in the capillaries

A

7%

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9
Q

In this stage of hemorrhage, the pt remains alert, BP normal, pulse normal or increasing slightly

A

Stage 1 - up to 15% blood loss

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10
Q

In this stage of hemorrhage, vasoconstriction maintains adequate BP with some difficulty, blood flow is shunted to vital organs with decreased flow to intestines, kidneys, and skin

A

Stage 2 - up to 30% blood loss

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11
Q

In this stage of hemorrhage, pt may become confused and restless, skin turns pale cool and dry, diastolic pressure may rise or fall, pulse pressure (diff between systolic and diastolic) narrows, respiratory rate increases, rapid HR over 100 bpm, delayed cap refill

A

Stage 2 - up to 30% blood loss

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12
Q

In this stage of hemorrhage, vasoconstriction can no longer sustain BP and BP begins to fall. Cardiac output and tissue perfusion continue to decrease and become life threatening. Pt is confused, restless, anxious. Rapid HR, decreased BP, rapid respiration, cool clammy extremities.

A

Stage 3 - up to 40% blood loss

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13
Q

In this stage of hemorrhage, compensatory vasoconstriction impairs tissue perfusion. Pt becomes lethargic, drowsy or stuporous. BP continues to fall.

A

Stage 4 - over 40% blood loss

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14
Q

What does DOTS stand for?

A

Deformities, Open injuries, Tenderness, Swelling

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15
Q

Normal resp rates for an infant?

A

Up to 60 per minute

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16
Q

Normal resp rates for a child

A

20-40 per minute

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17
Q

Normal resp rates for an adult

A

12-20 per minute

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18
Q

HR should be given along with which two qualities?

A

Strength and rhythm (ie strong and irregular)

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19
Q

What is a “thready pulse”?

A

weak and rapid

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20
Q

What is a “bounding pulse”?

A

unusually strong

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21
Q

What is the normal human body temperature?

A

37 C

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22
Q

What three qualities of the skin are assessed?

A

Relative skin temperature, colour and condition (wetness/dryness)

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23
Q

What three qualities of the pupils are assessed?

A

Reactivity to light, dilated, and equality

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24
Q

Pupils that remain constricted are a possible sign of…

A

drug overdose

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25
Q

Pupils that are unequal are a possible sign of…

A

serious head injury or stroke

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26
Q

Flushing may be caused by …

A

high BP, alcohol abuse, sunburn, heat stroke, fever, or infectious disease

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27
Q

Paleness may be caused by…

A

shock, heart attack, fright, faintness, emotional distress, impaired blood flow

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28
Q

Cyanosis may be caused by…

A

Reduced levels of oxygen - shock, heart attack, or poison.

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29
Q

Cyanosis first appears in the …

A

fingertips and around the mouth

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30
Q

Yellowish skin colour may be caused by …

A

liver disease

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31
Q

Black and blue mottling is the result of blood seeping under the skin. It is usually caused by …

A

a blow or severe infection

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32
Q

Checking the capillary refill in a fingernail, the colour should return in how many seconds?

A

2 seconds

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33
Q

Capillary refill assessment is most accurate in which age group?

A

children six and under

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34
Q

Normal systolic pressure in a child

A

2x pt’s age + 80

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35
Q

Normal diastolic pressure in a child

A

50-80 mmHg

36
Q

Normal systolic pressure in a male adult

A

pt’s age + 100 (up to 150 mmHg)

37
Q

Normal diastolic pressure in a male adult

A

65-90 mmHg

38
Q

Normal systolic pressure in a female adult

A

pt’s age + 100 (up to 140 mmHg)

39
Q

Normal diastolic pressure in a female adult

A

55-80 mmHg

40
Q

What does mmHg stand for?

A

millimetre of mercury

41
Q

When the heart is contracting, the BP is called:

A

systolic

42
Q

When the heart is relaxing (as opposed to contracting), the BP is called:

A

diastolic

43
Q

Oxygen in the blood is carried by …

A

hemoglobin

44
Q

SAMPLE stands for?

A

signs and symptoms, allergies, meds, past medical history, last oral intake, events

45
Q

Conditions that impair pulse oximetry readings:

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning, hypothermia, shock, cardiac arrest

46
Q

When does BP change in an emergency? Early mid or late?

A

Late

47
Q

Dramatic increase of BP is indicative of what?

A

Stroke

48
Q

At what point in hemorrhage might a child’s BP drop?

A

As late as stage 4 shock - over 40% blood volume loss

49
Q

Heatpacks should be applied to a hypothermic pt where?

A

Neck, armpits and groin

50
Q

Stages of hypothermia

A

1 - shivering, 2 - Apathy & decreased muscle function, 3 - decreased LOC, 4 - decreased vitals, 5 - death

51
Q

Mild hypothermia

A

Increased breathing rate, BP and HR; slow thick speech, staggering walk, drowsiness, incoherence, sluggish pupils, uncontrollable shivering

52
Q

Severe hypothermia

A

Very slow breathing, HR; unconsciousness, fixed & dilated pupils, rigid extremities, no shivering

53
Q

Risk factors for hyperthermia

A

Heat, humidity, exercise, age, health (heart & lung disease, diabetes, obesity, fever), drugs (alcohol, cocaine, barbiturates, hallucinogens)

54
Q

How much sweat can an adult produce in an hour of very strenuous activity?

A

Over 1L

55
Q

Treatment for heat emergency pt with moist, pale, normal-to-cool skin

A

Remove from hot enviro, O2, cool with mist, position supine w legs elevated 20-30cm, frequent vitals. If conscious and not nauseous - 1/2 glass water per 15 min.

56
Q

Treatment for heat emergency pt with hot & moist/dry skin:

A

Remove from hot enviro, O2, assist resp w /BVM if nec, cold packs to neck/armpits/groin, wet skin w towel, fan pr, frequent vitals

57
Q

Body temp for heatstroke

A

41-43 C

58
Q

Signs of heatstroke

A

Deep snoring, dizziness, hot red skin, nausea, appetite loss, twitching, decreased LOC, coma, confusion, anxiety, combativeness, delirium, headache, dilated pupils, dry mouth, decreased BP, rapid strong pulse

59
Q

Hospital Notification includes:

A

Pt age & sex, c/c, hx c/c, all vitals, treatments, ETA

60
Q

Vitals:

A

LOC, HR, BP, resps, pupils, skin, pulse ox

61
Q

Head to toe, Head & Neck

A

DOTS, bulging neck veins, tracheal alignment, fluid from mouth nose or ears

62
Q

Head to toe, Chest

A

symmetry

63
Q

Head to toe, Abdomen

A

guarding, rigidity, distension masses

64
Q

Head to toe, Extremities

A

distal circulation, sensation and function

65
Q

RTC criteria, mechanism of injury

A

freefall > 20 ft, pedestrian/bike/moto hit > 30km/hr, severe crush injuries, smoke inhalation, decompression illness, near drowning, electrical injuries

66
Q

RTC criteria, MVA

A

high speed, broken windshield/steering wheel/etc, thrown from vehicle, rollover, one or more occupants killed

67
Q

RTC criteria, anatomy

A

brain injury (glasgow 13 or less, pupils unequal > 1mm, depressed skull), penetrating injury to non-extremity, 2+ proximal long bone fractures, dislocated hip/knee (considered limb threatening), no distal circulation to injured limb, flail chest, pregnant w/sig trauma, amputation of extremity, spinal cord injury associated with neurological deficit, penetrating eye injury

68
Q

RTC criteria, burns

A

inhalation, extensive facial, electrical, partial thickness burns > 10% BSA, full thickness burns > 2% BSA, limb encircling, major burns to hands/feet/genitals, chemical

69
Q

RTC criteria, during primary survey

A

decreased LOC, partial/complete FBAO, needs resp assist, resps > 10 breaths per min, cardiac arrest, suspected heart attack, circulatory shock, bleeding requiring pressure point or tourney, acute poisoning, status epilepticus, stroke, anaphylaxis, moderate+ hypothermia, heat stroke

70
Q

EMRs should continue CPR until:

A

30 minutes with no sign of life, + attempt to contact EP. Cautions: children + hypothermia

71
Q

Wounds that require stitching:

A

Jagged or irreg edges, flap of full thickness skin, gaping or difficult to close, over joints, facial wounds which may leave scars

72
Q

Wounds that required medical aid:

A

Longer than 3cm through the full thickness of the skin; to the palm or back of hand with possibility of join/tendon involvement; stitching; very dirty; animal/human bites; embedded material; full & partial thickness burns; superficial burns > 50% BSA

73
Q

Work-related injury risk factors

A

repetition, frequency, duration, force, posture, static load, unaccustomed activity, contact stresses (physical contact between tissue and objects), impact loading (kickbacks from power tools etc), vibration

74
Q

Body loses heat in five ways:

A

Convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation, respiration

75
Q

Sweat stops turning into water vapour when humidity has reached:

A

75%

76
Q

Conduction via water transmits head how much faster than convection via air?

A

25x faster

77
Q

Age range more vulnerable to burns

A

children under five and seniors over 55

78
Q

Stages of labour

A

dilation, expulsion, placental

79
Q

How long can stage 1 labour last for a first time mother?

A

Up to 18 hrs

80
Q

Stage 1 labour times for non-first time mother

A

as short as 2-3 hours

81
Q

How much does the placenta weigh?

A

500g (1/6 the baby’s weight)

82
Q

How many veins/arteries in baby’s umbilical cord?

A

2 arteries & 1 vein

83
Q

Amount of fluid in amniotic sac

A

500-1000 mL

84
Q

Length/frequency of contractions at the end of stage 1 labour

A

3-4 minute intervals, lasting 60 seconds long

85
Q

Color of oxygen gas cylinders in Canada

A

grey

86
Q

Gas flow from an O2 cylinder is controlled by a regulator and brought down to what PSI?

A

50 psi

Paramedicine (3 decks)

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