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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when can we do a anomaly scan

A

18-20 weeks

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2
Q

when can we do a dating scan

A

8-14 weeks

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3
Q

what is a anomaly scan used for

A

detects abnormalities in the fetus

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4
Q

What are we testing for with PKU

A

a substitution mutation which makes the enzyme non functional that converts phenylaline to tyrosine

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5
Q

what does a blood/urine test check for

A

checks for chemical markers which vary during pregnancy

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6
Q

effect sympathetic system has on intestinal secretions and peristalsis

A

decreases

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7
Q

effect parasympathetic system has on intestinal secretions and peristalsis

A

increases

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8
Q

how does the parasympathetic system decrease heart rate

A

releases acetylcholine

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9
Q

what is the job of atp in glycolysis

A

provides phosphate for phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates

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10
Q

what do dehydrogenase enzymes do

A

they extract hydrogen + electrons , combine with NAD to form NADH

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11
Q

what is necessary in order for the citric acid cycle to occur

A

cell must have oxygen

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12
Q

what is the function of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle

A

loses one C02 to become acetyl group

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13
Q

what is the function of Acetyl in the citric acid cycle

A

combines with co-enzyme A to form Acetylcoenzyme A

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14
Q

what is the function of oxalocetate in the citric acid cycle

A

combines with acetyl to form citrate

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15
Q

what is the function of citrate in the citric acid cycle

A

is broken down to oxalocetate, C02 released ATP made

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16
Q

what is the function of NAD in the citric acid cycle

A

collects hydrogen ions and their electrons forming NADH

17
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

18
Q

which stage in aerobic respiration yields the most atp

A

electron transport chain

19
Q

what does electron transport chain require

A

requires hydrogen and electrons collected from NAD in earlier processes

20
Q

what is step 1 of ETC

A

NADH arrives at the membrane and releases hydrogen ions and electrons

21
Q

what is step 2 of ETC

A

energy from electrons is used to force hydrogen ions across the membrane via the protein channels

22
Q

what is step 3 of ETC

A

the hydrogen ions flow back through a different protein = atp synthase. as they flow through the enzyme rotates. this process generates a lot of atp

23
Q

what is step 4 of ETC

A

the hydrogen ions and electrons react with oxygen to produce the final product water

bio panic (1 decks)

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