trash Flashcards
when can we do a anomaly scan
18-20 weeks
when can we do a dating scan
8-14 weeks
what is a anomaly scan used for
detects abnormalities in the fetus
What are we testing for with PKU
a substitution mutation which makes the enzyme non functional that converts phenylaline to tyrosine
what does a blood/urine test check for
checks for chemical markers which vary during pregnancy
effect sympathetic system has on intestinal secretions and peristalsis
decreases
effect parasympathetic system has on intestinal secretions and peristalsis
increases
how does the parasympathetic system decrease heart rate
releases acetylcholine
what is the job of atp in glycolysis
provides phosphate for phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates
what do dehydrogenase enzymes do
they extract hydrogen + electrons , combine with NAD to form NADH
what is necessary in order for the citric acid cycle to occur
cell must have oxygen
what is the function of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle
loses one C02 to become acetyl group
what is the function of Acetyl in the citric acid cycle
combines with co-enzyme A to form Acetylcoenzyme A
what is the function of oxalocetate in the citric acid cycle
combines with acetyl to form citrate
what is the function of citrate in the citric acid cycle
is broken down to oxalocetate, C02 released ATP made
what is the function of NAD in the citric acid cycle
collects hydrogen ions and their electrons forming NADH
where does the electron transport chain occur
inner membrane of the mitochondria
which stage in aerobic respiration yields the most atp
electron transport chain
what does electron transport chain require
requires hydrogen and electrons collected from NAD in earlier processes
what is step 1 of ETC
NADH arrives at the membrane and releases hydrogen ions and electrons
what is step 2 of ETC
energy from electrons is used to force hydrogen ions across the membrane via the protein channels
what is step 3 of ETC
the hydrogen ions flow back through a different protein = atp synthase. as they flow through the enzyme rotates. this process generates a lot of atp
what is step 4 of ETC
the hydrogen ions and electrons react with oxygen to produce the final product water
