transposable elements Flashcards

1
Q

Transposons

A

“jumping genes”
- segments of DNA that integrate into new locations on the chromosome
- make up about 40% of human genome
- major source of mutations
- bacterial transposons can carry antibiotic-resistant genes

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2
Q

Cut and paste transposons

A
  • element that is physically cut out of one site in a chromosome and pasted into a new site, “switch”
  • catalyzed by transposase
  • DNA transposon
  • both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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3
Q

Replicative transposons

A
  • replicated with one copy inserted at a new site and one remains original
  • catalyzed by transposase
  • DNA transposon
  • only in prokaryotes
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4
Q

Retrotransposons

A
  • DNA copy of element made by reverse transcription from its RNA and then inserted into a new chromosomal site
  • catalyzed by reverse transcriptase
  • 2 kinds: retrovirus-like elements and retroposons
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5
Q

bacterial transposons

A
  • move within and between chromosomes and plasmids
  • cut and paste types: insertion sequences (IS elements) and composite transposons
  • replicative transposons: Tn3 elements
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6
Q

General structure of Cut-and-Paste DNA transposons

A
  • gene that encodes a transposes: protein required for transposition
  • terminal inverted repeats: identical or nearly identical inverted sequences at both ends of element
  • target site duplication: short directly repeated sequences at both ends, result from staggered cleavage of the double-stranded DNA
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7
Q

IS elements

A
  • simplest bacterial transposons
  • compactly organized and contain only genes whose products are involved in transposition
  • inverted terminal repeats are found at the ends
  • some IS elements encode transposase
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8
Q

How does insertion of an IS element cause target site duplication

A
  • staggered cuts are made in the target DNA
  • a transposable element inserts itself into the DNA
  • the staggered cuts leave short, single-stranded pieces of DNA
  • replication of this single-stranded DNA creates the flanking direct repeats
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9
Q

Multiple IS elements

A
  • bacterial chromosome may contain many copies of an IS element
  • when a particular IS element is found in both a plasmid and chromosome, homologous recombination may occur inserting the plasmid into the chromosome
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10
Q

conjugative and non-conjugative plasmid

A

conjugative: donor of DNA
non-conjugative: acceptor of DNA

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11
Q

Homologous recombination of IS elements

A
  • involve a non-conjugative resistant (R) plasmid and a conjugative plasmid
  • mobilize antibiotic resistance genes
  • needs an RTF component to promote conjugation between bacteria
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12
Q

composite transposons

A
  • created when 2 IS elements insert near each other “capturing” a DNA sequence
  • IS element excision through transposase cleavage at each end of the transposons can mobilize the entire captured DNA, which may mobilize antibiotic-resistant genes
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13
Q

Tn3 elements

A
  • Tn3 elements are larger than the simple IS elements
  • often contain additional genes not involved in transposition
  • have simple inverted repeats at each end
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14
Q

replicative transposons

A
  • transposase encoded by Tn3 catalyzes the formation of cointegrate between the donor and recipient plasmids
  • Tn3 is replicated so there is an element at each junction
  • recombination separates the co-integrate into 2 DNAs each with a copy of Tn3
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15
Q

the discovery of transposons

A
  • found in eukaryotes (corn)
  • found by Barbra McClintock
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16
Q
A
17
Q

Cut-and-paste transposons in eukaryotes

A

dependent on Ac and Ds elements
Ac = fully active transposon (activator)
Ds = have elements they can’t transpose without help from Ac (dissociation)
- 2 versions of the same transposon

18
Q

The Ac/Ds system in corn

A
  • Ds is located at a site on chromosome 9 in mosaic kernels where chromosome breakage occurs
  • Ds cannot induce breakage by itself so Ac stimulates chromosome breakage at the site of Ds
19
Q

Activities of the Ac/Ds elements

A
  • similar to cut-and-paste in prokaryotes
  • the Ac element encodes a transposase that is responsible for excision, transposition, mutation and chromosome breakage
  • the Ac transposase interacts with sequences at the ends of Ac and Ds elements and catalyzes their movement
  • deletions or mutations in the Ac gene abolish its catalytic function
20
Q

similarities between 3 types of transposons

A
21
Q

differences between 3 types of transposons

A
22
Q

retroviruses

A
  • use reverse transcriptase to copy the retroviral-like RNA into DNA
  • unique to eukaryotes
23
Q

retrotransposons

A
  • use reverse transcriptase to copy the retroviral-like RNA into DNA
  • do not have terminal inverted repeats
  • resemble the reverse transcripts of poly A+ mRNA
24
Q

general structure of retroviruses

A
  • genes that encode reverse transcriptase and integrase
  • terminal inverted repeats
  • target site duplication
25
Q

general structure of retroposons

A
  • genes that encode reverse transcriptase and endonuclease activities
  • 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions and poly A tail
  • create a target site duplication but have no terminal inverted repeats
26
Q

long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES)

A

example L1
- LINES are the most abundant class of transposable elements in humans
- retroposon
- have an internal promoter, 2 open reading frames that encode a nucleic acid binding protein and a protein with endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities

27
Q

short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

A
  • second most abundant class of transposable elements
  • only Alu elements are transpositional-active
  • less than 400 base pairs long
  • reverse transcriptase required for SINE is provided by LINE-type element
28
Q

genetic evolutionary significance or transposons

A
  • they are mutagens
  • can mobilize foreign genes
  • change in genome organization
29
Q

transposons and chromosome rearrangements

A
  • pairing by looping and crossing over between 2 transposons oriented in the same direction leads to deletion
  • pairing by bending and crossing over between 2 transposons oriented in opposite directions leads to an inversion
  • misalignment and unequal exchange between transposons on sister chromatids leads to one chromosome with a deletion and one with a duplication