Transportation Modes Flashcards
Trucking Deregulation
The U.S. interstate trucking industry was largely deregulated on matters of economic competition in 1980 through provisions of the Motor Carrier Regulatory Reform and Modernization Act (MCA-80).
Interstate Commerce Commission
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) regulated matters of market entry and pricing. From the time of its formation in the Act to Regulate Commerce in 1887, the ICC enjoyed powers that were quasi-legislative, executive, and judicial in orientation.
Trucking Market Segments
three broad segments. These include segments based on volume (less-than-truckload and truckload), geographic coverage (regional, national, and international), and equipment (dry van, refrigerated, flatbed, tank, and special equipment).
Truckload Carriers
specialize in moving large volumes of freight for their industrial customers. Although truckload carriers do accept smaller loads, they typically target shipments in the range of 15,000 to 50,000 pounds. Truckload carriers specialize in door-to-door service, collecting freight at an origin and delivering directly to the destination without any intermediate stops.
Less-than-Truckload Carriers
LTL carriers operate under the premise of sharing the trailer’s capacity among multiple shippers. LTL carriers tend to employ a very different business model than their truckload counterparts. LTL carriers employ facilities for collecting and sorting freight, as well as domiciling equipment and drivers.
Linehaul Trucks
Used by LTL carriers for transit to a delivery terminal. When freight arrives at the delivery terminal, it is unloaded again, sorted, and loaded onto delivery trucks designated for different routes throughout the city or region.
Breakbulk Facility
For LTL carriers is sometimes necessary to direct freight through another intermediate location, called a breakbulk facility, for further consolidation.
Cabotage laws
Cabotage laws are protective regulatory measures that limit the access that non-native providers can offer in a foreign nation.
Rail Transportation
Railroads thrive on the ton-miles measure because they are designed to efficiently move large volumes over long distances.
Ocean Transportation
Ocean vessels travel at speeds ranging from 10 to 26 knots (or 11.5 to 30 miles per hour). Increasingly, ships are reducing their speeds to improve fuel efficiency.
Triple-E Class Container Ships
These ships have a capacity of up to 18,000 20-foot containers, or 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs). The ships are 1,312 feet in length and weigh 55,000 tons when empty.
Standard Ship Containers
45-foot container represents an international standard. The benefit of standard containers is the ability to stack them on ships and to ease the transfer of containers among ships, rail, and trucks to accommodate intermodal transportation.
Inland Water Transportation
Transportation across lakes, rivers, and canals.
Air Transportation
Air transportation is a less common means of transportation. However, the value of goods transported by air cargo carriers is usually quite high, with the average value estimated at nearly $ 60,000 per ton.
Pipeline Transportation
For companies that move massive volumes of fluid material over long distances, pipelines can be an integral component of supply chain operations. Pipelines in the US are usually privately owned.
