Transportation Engineering Flashcards
a series of interconnected of interfaced cracks caused by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading
Alligator cracking
the height between the trough
and the crest of a wave
Amplitude
a layer consisting of properly designed mix of coarse aggregate fine aggregate, a filler and a bituminous binder
Asphaltic Concrete
the average of the spot
speeds of all vehicles passing a given point
in the highway
Average Speed
this normally consists of
aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock
Base Course
the max number of passenger cars that can pads a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possible be attained
Basic Capacity
highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers
Barriers
process of proportioning cement,
water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete
Batching
the physical configuration of
the seabed, the measurements of depths of water in the ocean, etc. and also information derived from such measurement
Bathymetry
an instrument use to
measure intensity of wind
Beauforts Scale
the mooring fitting for mooring ships during a storm installed close to the water line of the berth
Bitt
a 20 mm thick premix bitumen layer over which is laid a seal coat
Bitumen carpet
the exuding of bitumen onto the pavement surface causing a reduction in skid resistance
Bleeding or Flushing
cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp corners or angles. These cracks are generally caused by hardening and shrinkage of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking from underlying layers such as cement treated base
Block Cracking
localized upward buckling and
shattering of the slabs at traverse joins or cracks
Blowups
the structure that protects
harbor from stormy waves and permits calm in the harbor
Breakwater
distance traveled by the
vehicle after the application of the brakes until it will stop
Braking Distance
waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height H (L < 7H) and in shallow water when the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25 H
Breaking Waves
Type of dolphins which
are designed to take the impact of the ship when docking and to hold the ship against a broadside wind. Therefore, they are provided
with fenders to absorbed the impact of the ship and to protect the dolphin and the ship from damage.
Breasting dolphins
the mooring fitting for mooring
ships during a storm installed at the
outside or outside/inside of the berth far from the waterline
Bollard
these consist of two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent
Broken back curve
a structure for retaining or to
prevent earth or fill from sliding into water
Bulkhead
the maximum sustained 15 min
rate of flow, expressed in passenger cars
per hour per lane, which can be accommodated
by a uniform freeway segment under
prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in
one direction
Capacity
the points at which the cut or
fill slopes intersect the existing ground
Catch Point
markings that are often used to guide traffic into the right turning lanes separated by an island, such as corner island at a signalized intersection
Chevron markings
these are usually laid
out in the field by occupying the tangent to curve point TC with a transit and then establishing successive points by turning
deflection angles and measuring chords
Circular Curves
the pressure against a vertical
wall due to waves
clapotis
this term refers to any material
consisting of a mixture of aggregates, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, fastened together by cement
Concrete
these result when two
curves of differing radius join one another
Compound Curve
joints provided in
concrete cement pavement is suspended
Construction Joint
a type of rigid pavement, which has no transverse joints, except construction joints or expansion joints when they are necessary at specific positions such as at bridges. This type of pavement is typically used on high-volume, high-speed roadways
Continuously reinforced concrete pavements
this is the cost of any material that has to be obtained off job site in order to make a fill
Cost of borrow
this traffic conflict occurs when they cross paths directly
Crossing Conflicts
these are normally specified
in m/m or in percentages. In railway
practice, cross slopes may be expressed in millimeters that the high rail is above the low rail, since there is a standard horizontal distance maintained between rails
Cross Slope
the process of providing the
required water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of time after placing concrete
Curing
the existing ground is above the construction section
Cut or Excavation
primary consideration in the
design of geometric cross sections for highways, runways, and taxi ways
Drainage
waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wavelength is greater
than 0.5
Deep water waves
difference between the actual
travel time and a given segment of
transportation system and some ideal travel time for that segment
Delay
light retro reflecting devices
mounted at the side of the roadway in series to indicate the roadway alignment
Delineator
it is defined as the number of
vehicles per unit distance occupying a nth section of roadway at a given instant time and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per km
Density
defines as the maximum safe
speed that can be maintained over a specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of highway govern
Design speed
markings which are placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where traffic is not desired.
Diagonal markings
the spread of energy along a
wave crest
Diffraction
defined as the fraction of
time that vehicles are present at a point in space
Distance gaps
the reciprocal of
density which is usually measure in vehicles per mile or per kilometer
Distance separation
tide which occurs only one
high tide a day
Diurnal Tides
the process by which a vehicle
in a traffic stream leaves that traffic
stream, such as a vehicle leaving the outside lane if an expressway
Diverging
this traffic conflict occurs when vehicles leave the traffic stream
Diverging conflicts
the primary consideration in the
design of geometric cross sections for highways, runaways, and taxiways
Drainage
progressive disintegration of the surface between the heel paths caused by dripping of a gasoline or oil from vehicles
Drip track raveling
an artificial basin for vessels
when the basin is pumped out
Dry dock
the time that a wind blows across
the water
Duration
these quantities are normally
expressed as volumes, in metric units, they are given in cubic meters
Earthwork
these are in meters above some
datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, but it may be any arbitrary scale
Elevation
the time linked with the two stages perception and intellection based on a particular traffic situation like fear or anger which has a vital influence on the final message or decision sent by the brain
to the muscle
Emotion
these includes cost estimates
for various parts of the project and are used too evaluate the acceptability of bids and financial feasibility of the project
Estimates
divided arterial highway for
through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersection
Expressway
organization primarily involved in planning designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities
Facility-oriented organization
an open water with navigable depth
fairway
elevation difference between
adjacent slabs at traverse joints. This is usually the result of pumping and is a major source of Portland concrete pavement
faulting
the distance that the wind blows
over the sea in generating the waves is known as:
Fetch
the existing ground is above the construction section
Fill or embankment
A marine structure consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship and a platform for supporting the cargo handling equipment.
Fixed mooring berth
warning devices use to supplement either controls and devices necessary to alert motorist of construction and maintenance activities of obstruction in roadway
Flashing lamps
a pavement which has negligible
flexural strength
flexible pavement
defines as the number of vehicles
per unit time passing a point in space and is usually expressed in vehicles per hour
flow
the cost of excavation
normally includes the cost of removing the material from its existing state, hauling it up to some specified distance
Free haul distance
The headway in a major stream, which is evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor stream who wishes to merge into the major stream
Gap
this view has elevation as its vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis
Geometric cross section
these are sometimes used in
constructing pavements. These are used to add strength, control moisture, and prevent the movement of fine materials into drainage layers
Geotextiles
expressed as decima fractions or as
percentages
Grade
these traffic solutions eliminates the crossing conflicts by placing
the conflicting traffic streams at
different elevations at their point of
intersection
Grade separation
Waves are formed by the
frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring energy from wind to water. Water particles are moved from their position by the wind,
and then returned to the original position by gravity, which is a restoring force.
Gravity waves
a shore protection structure usually
built perpendicular to the coastline to retard littoral transport of sedimentary materials
Groin
inform and advice road users of
directions, distance, routes, the location of services and points of interests
Guide sign
the product of a volume of materials times the average distance it is hauled
Haul
the reciprocal of flow is the
average time separation in the traffic stream and is usually measured in seconds
Headway
A maximum wave height and wave period of the maximum wave height in wave train.
Highest wave
this type of control on the object on the job site is commonly identified as primary, secondary and working
Horizontal Control
these are described in terms of their lengths and their directions
Horizontal tangents
waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is less than 0.5 but greater than 0.40
Immediate water waves
after perception occurs, the formation of new thoughts and ideas, recalling old memories of similar occasions to a particular traffic situation
Intellection
a solid structure, which projects
into the sea perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels
Jetty
the breakdown or disintegration of slab edges at joints or cracks, usually resulting in the loss of sound concrete and the progressive widening of the joint or crack
Joint or crack spilling
distanced traveled by the
vehicle during the total reaction time
Lag distance
the opposite side of a
structure facing the direction from which the wind comes
Leeward side
the longest distance material should ever be hauled
Limit of economic haul
cracks approximately
at right angles to the pavement center line.
These are caused by poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface; they may also be reflective cracks
Longitudinal cracking
calculation of optimum haul
strategies and earthwork costs is done
Mass diagram
a mixture of bitumen, fine
aggregate and filler in suitable proportion
heated to about 200 C in special cooker and
laid
Mastic asphalt
the maximum speed that
cab be attained on a highway as the flow tends to zero
Maximum free speed
the process by which a vehicle in
on traffic stream joins another traffic steam moving in the same direction such as a ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream
Merging
this traffic occurs
when vehicles enter a traffic stream
Merging conflicts
these models of traffic flow
describe the relationship among flow, speed
and density
Macroscopic
these models of traffic flow
describe the motion of individual vehicles and their interactions with one another
Microscopic
2 high and 2 low tides per day
Mixed diurnal tides
A breakwater is a structure
constructed for the purpose of forming an artificial harbor with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to provide safe shipping.
Mole
prevailing winds which are seasonal blowing in one direction over part of the year and in the opposite direction the remainder of the year
Monsoon
type of dolphins which
are not designed for the impact of the ship, as they located in back of the face of the dock where they will not be hit. They are located about 45 off the bow and stern.
Mooring dolphins
the lowest tide of the month
when the line connecting the earth with sun and the moon form a right triangle that is when the moon is in its quarters
Neap tides
defined as the fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in space
Occupancy
known as carriers, primarily concerned with operating fleets to
provide transportation services
Operating organization
signs which provide means of
displaying essential traffic information on wide multilane roads, where some degree of
lane use control is required or where side of road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign
Overhead sign
an arterial highway for non-
commercial traffic with full or partial control of access and usually located within
park
Parkway
minimum sight distance required on a two lane, wo way
highway that will permit a driver to
complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle
Passing sight distance
the layered structure placed
over a soil sub grade for forming a road
Pavement
refers to the
structural adequacy of the pavement section
Pavement deflection
refers to the condition
of a pavement in terms of its general appearance
Pavement distress
the measurement of the
extent to which a road surface deviates from
the plane
Pavement roughness
time required for transmission of the sensations received (through eyes, ears and body) to the brain and the spiral chord by the nervous system, to a particular traffic situation
Perception time
the interval of time for two wave
crests to pass the same position in space
Period
a berth structure projecting out from the shoreline
Pier
these refer to drawings, usually
accompanied by notes, of various aspects or components of the design
Plans
a type of rigid pavement, which has no temperature steel or dowels for the load transfer. This type of pavement is used mainly on low volume highways or when cement stabilized soils are used as sub material
Plain concrete pavement
this is a drawing of the
facility as it would look to an observer directly above it
Plain view
this view has elevation as its
vertical axis and horizontal distance, measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis
Profile
line representing the
facility on the profile
Profile grade
a sheltered place where the ship may receive or discharge cargo. It includes the harbor with its approach channels and anchorage places
Port
the max number of
passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under
prevailing roadway and traffic conditions
Possible capacity
the max number of
vehicles that can pads a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour without traffic density being so great as to cause unreasonable delay hazard or restrictions to the driver’s freedom to maneuver under the prevailing roadway and traffic
Practical capacity
a layer of stone chipping coat
laid over a hot to make the surface water proof conditions
Prime coat
a platform built in the harbor
parallel to the shore and backed up by ground
Quay
a delay which results when the
demand for a facility exceed its capacity
Queue
wearing away of the pavement
surface caused by the dislodging of
aggregate particles and binder
Raveling
the total time required for
perception, intellection, emotion and volition that is from the instant the object comes in the line of sight of the driver to the instant he arrives a decision say to slow down or overtake, under normal circumstance
Reaction time
