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IB Biology > Transport System and The Heart > Flashcards

Transport System and The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

Between atria and ventricles

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2
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

between ventricles and pulmonary artery/ aorta

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3
Q

What is the pathway of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood through the heart?

A
  1. Vena cavae (veins) deliver blood from the body to right atrium
  2. Right atrium pumps deoxygenated blood through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle
  3. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood out of the heart through the right semilunar valve (pulmonary valve) into the right and left pulmonary arteries which is carried to the lungs for CO2 and O2 exchange
  4. oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart through the right and left pulmonary veins and is delivered to the left atrium
  5. Left atrium pumps oxygenated blood through the left AV valve (bicuspid/ mitral valve) into the left ventricle
  6. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out of the heart to the left semilunar valve (aortic valve) into the aorta which carries blood to the body
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4
Q

What is your pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs through your pulmonary arteries

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5
Q

What is your systemic circulation?

A

Blood flow from the left side of the heart to your body through your aorta

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6
Q

What are the roles of valves?

A

-Prevent backflow
-Maintain one-way flow of blood
-Cause pressure changes in heart chambers
-Control timing of blood flow during cardiac cycle

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7
Q

AV valves prevent….

A

backflow from ventricles to atria

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8
Q

Semilunar valves prevent…

A

backflow from arteries to ventricles

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9
Q

Closed valves allow…

A

-chambers to fill with blood
-pressure to rise rapidly in heart chambers

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10
Q

Closed AV Valves allow…

A

pressure to rise in atria until it is above that of ventricles which is when they open

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11
Q

Closed Semilunar valves allow…

A

ventricular pressure to rise and open when ventricular pressure is is higher than arterial pressure

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12
Q

What are heart sounds?

A

made when the valves close

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13
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

series of events that take place in the heart over the duration of the heartbeat/ series of events from beginning of one heartbeat to the next

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14
Q

Systole is when…

A

there is contraction in any chamber of the heart (high blood pressure reading)

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15
Q

Diastole is when…

A

any chamber of the heart is at rest/ chambers are filling (low blood pressure reading)

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16
Q

Cardiac Cycle Steps

A
  1. Blood flows freely from both atria to ventricles (diastole) until almost full (~70 percent) which occurs due to slightly higher pressure in atria than ventricles
  2. SA node fires, causes both atria to contract (atrial systole), creates higher pressure in atria to fill ventricles
  3. AV Node is activated, waits for 0.1 seconds, sends a signal to Bundle of His, sends signal to Purkinje fibers that cause both ventricles to contract from top to bottom (ventricular systole.
  4. Increased ventricular pressure causing first heart sound “lub”
  5. Very large increase in ventricular pressure causes semilunar valves to open and blood flows away from the heart.
  6. Pressure increases in pulmonary arteries and aorta and decreases in the ventricles which causes semilunar valves to close, causing second heart sound “dub”
  7. All valves are closed and blood flows freely into the atria again (atrial diastole)
  8. Pressure in ventricles drops below pressure in the atria (ventricular diastole), AV valves reopen and cardiac cycle starts again (full heart diastole)
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17
Q

Does the pressure generated from atrial systole need to be high and why?

A

No: walls of atria are thin, volume of blood is passively moved to ventricles so atrial systole does not need to generate as much pressure

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18
Q

Does the pressure generated by ventricular systole need to be high and why?

A

Yes: ventricles have thick walls, must overcome high pressure in arteries to transport blood to the entire body

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19
Q

Define myogenic

A

signal for cardiac contraction arises in heart itself (cardiac muscle can contract and relax on its own without any control by the nervous system)

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20
Q

Explain the control of the heartbeat.

A
  1. SA (SINOATRIAL) NODE (pacemaker) in upper right atrium, starts the heartbeat by generating an impulse (action potential), which travels through the thin walls of the atria, stimulating atria to contract (top to bottom)
  2. Impulse reaches AV node (in lower wall of right atrium/ septum between atria)
  3. AV node delays for approximately 0.1 sec, then sends signals (action potentials) down septum of ventricles (Bundle of His) to apex, through conducting fibers (Purkinje fibers).
  4. Impulse spreads to cardiac muscles through gap junctions in intercalated discs and this causes ventricles to contract (from the bottom – apex of heart – up, so that blood is pushed up and out of ventricles to arteries)
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21
Q

During periods of increased bodily activity…

A

heart rate needs to increase above resting/ myogenic rate because cells need more oxygen for cellular respiration, more CO2 that accumulates in the bloodstream = ↓ pH, and the body needs to get rid of it

22
Q

What is the function of Medulla Oblongata?

A

chemically detects CO2/ pH levels in the blood

23
Q

The Medulla Oblongata sends a signal to the ____ ______ to release _____ which causes the ______ to fire more frequently, ________ the rate of contraction

A

Cardiac nerve, norepinephrine, SA Node, increases

24
Q

The Medulla Oblongata also sends a signal through the _____ _______ to release ____
which causes the ____ ____ to fire less frequently, _______ the rate of contraction and returning heart to it’s resting/ _____ rate

A

Vagus nerve, acetylcholine, SA Node, slowing, myogenic

25
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

-Part of endocrine system on top of the kidneys
-can also speed up rate of contraction by releasing adrenaline (epinephrine) into the blood stream under stress or excitement

26
Q

Explain how Cardiac Cell structure is related to their function

A

-transmit electrical signals without nervous system
-Branched/ Y-shaped: increases surface area of connection between cells
-interconnected by structures called intercalated discs (regions between plasma membranes of adjacent cells)
-Gap junctions: ion channels that allow cytoplasm to flow freely between cells, allowing electrical signals to rapidly be transported between cells
-mitochondria and glycogen granules for respiration and ATP (continual lifelong contraction)

27
Q

P Wave

A

-little bump at the beginning
-Atria depolarize due to stimulation from SA node (atria contract)

28
Q

QRS Complex

A

-big spike
-Ventricles depolarize; AV node sends signals through
Purkinje fibers (ventricles contract) - atria repolarize (but cannot “see”)

29
Q

T Wave

A

-little bump at the end
-Ventricles repolarize/ relax (diastole)

30
Q

What some of the factors that affect heart rate?

A
  • Age
  • Fitness and activity levels
  • Being a smoker
  • Cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol or diabetes
  • Air temperature
  • Body position (standing vs. lying down)
  • Emotions
  • Body size
    *Temperature
31
Q

Defibrillator

A

-medical device (w/ paddles/ electrodes)
-placed on a person’s chest/ cardiac muscle that delivers an electrical shock(s) to depolarize the heart muscle so SA node can re-establish a normal rhythm
* Used in life-threatening cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, or atrial or ventricular fibrillation (if heart pumps irregularly, blood not being pumped effectively to tissues that need it - including heart itself)

32
Q

Artificial Pacemaker

A

-contains battery and pulse generator and delivers electrical stimuli
to heart to regulate heartbeat.
-Connects to heart via
wires and detects if heart’s natural rhythm is
incorrect.
-If so, it sends electrical impulses to heart to coordinate contraction
of atria and ventricles.
* Used when heartbeat is too slow/ too fast/ irregular, SA node is defective or malfunctioning, or pathway that carries impulses from SA node is impaired.

33
Q

Arteries

A
  • Narrow lumen (maintain high pressures) surrounded by a thick wall (3 layers to prevent rupturing)
  • 3 layers; Middle layer of wall is thick layer of smooth muscle to maintain pressure between heart beats (can stretch/ contract to pump blood) - high elasticity allows for elastic recoil to help push blood
  • Outer layer of wall (tunica adventitia) contains collagen to prevent artery from rupturing under high pressure (NO valves)
    *endothelium
34
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Narrow diameter (low pressures) with walls only ONE CELL THICK (decrease diffusion distance/ increase diffusion rate for exchange of materials and gases between blood and tissues)
  • Some contain pores to aid in exchange of materials
  • Involved in material and gas exchange between blood and tissues, so NARROW to increase SA/V ratio for diffusion (NO valves)
35
Q

Veins

A
  • Wide lumen (low pressures, decrease resistance, and increase blood flow) surrounded by a thin wall (3 layers – thin to allow skeletal muscle to squeeze blood through)
  • 3 layers; THIN walls because blood NOT traveling in pulses (like in arteries); less muscle/ thinner elastic layer than arteries; easier to compress/ misshape
  • Contain valves (to prevent pooling of blood in extremities and maintain one-way blood flow/ no backflow - valves open when skeletal muscles
    contract, pushing
    blood through)
    *endothelial layer, significantly smaller structure
36
Q

What is transported by blood? (NACHO HU)

A

N utrients (glucose, lipoproteins)
A ntibodies
C arbon dioxide
H ormones
O xygen
H eat
U rea

37
Q

What are the components of blood? (PELPLP)

A

Plasma (liquid/ fluid component of the blood – water based) ~55%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells – transport O2) ~45%
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Phagocytes (nonspecific immunity)
Lymphocytes (specific immunity)
Platelets (involved in blood clotting)
Note: Leukocytes and platelets make up less than 1% of the blood

38
Q

Explain how materials are exchanged between the capillaries and tissues

A

-Capillaries have permeable walls: allow exchange of materials between tissue cells and the blood in the capillary
-Capillaries exchange materials (glucose, hormones, water, nitrogenous wastes, gases) between the blood and body cells
-DIFFUSION between capillaries and tissues (in capillary BEDS - a network of capillaries that serve one artery/ vein)
-Capillaries bring nutrients and oxygen to cells and take carbon dioxide and wastes from cells

39
Q

What is the role of valves in veins?

A

-ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow

Veins contain valves (to prevent pooling of blood in extremities and maintain one-way blood flow/ no backflow - valves open when skeletal muscles
contract, pushing
blood through)

40
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

-Build-up of plaque deposits (fats, cholesterol, cell debris etc.) in arteries
-Plaque deposits cause increased blood pressure (narrower lumen) in arteries, which causes chronic inflammation (swelling) and damages endothelial wall
-Leads to lipid, cell debris, calcium and cholesterol accumulation (rough/ hardened walls)
-If plaques break off of original deposits, they damage artery walls and cause clots to form (called a thrombosis).
-dislodged thrombosis can cause blockages elsewhere.

41
Q

What are consequences of Coronary Heart Disease?

A
  • plaque deposits are so substantial that the vessel can no longer supply even a minimally healthy amount of blood to the tissue
  • causes reduction in oxygen to heart muscle
  • heart attack
42
Q

What are the risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease? (A GODDESS)

A
  • Age (less elasticity in arteries)
  • Genetics (high cholesterol/ hypertension)
  • Obesity (increased blood pressure/ strain on
    heart)
  • Diseases (diabetes etc.)
  • Diet (increased fat/ LDL cholesterol, salt, alcohol)
  • Exercise (lack of/ sedentary lifestyle)
  • Sex (males = lower estrogen)
  • Smoking (nicotine increases blood pressure - vasoconstriction)
43
Q

Measuring Blood Pressure

A
  1. Increase cuff pressure to block artery/ arterial blood flow
  2. As release pressure, first sound is systolic pressure (pressure in artery> pressure in cuff; forces blood through)
  3. When NO MORE sound = diastolic pressure (diastolic pressure > cuff pressure)
44
Q

Systolic: Blood Pressure

A

top number = pressure of blood on artery walls when heart muscle (ventricles) contracts (higher number)

45
Q

Diastolic: Blood Pressure

A

bottom number = pressure of blood on artery walls when heart muscle (ventricles) relaxed (lower number)

46
Q

What are the causes of hypertension?

A

-plaque deposits in arteries (narrower lumen/ loss of elasticity)
-high salt diet (more fluid retention in blood/ blood to pump),
-smoking (nicotine = vasoconstriction)
-certain medications
-stress (vasoconstriction)
-genetics

47
Q

What are the consequences of hypertension?

A

stroke, thrombosis/ blood clots, heart attack, heart failure, coronary heart disease (CHD)

48
Q

Coordinated contraction is necessary for…

A

regular heartbeats (irregular =
arrhythmias/ fibrillation); coordination achieved/
controlled by “pacemakers” (SA node = primary,
AV node = secondary, Bundle of HIS = tertiary)

49
Q

Refractory period

A

-After EVERY contraction of the heart, there is a (relatively) long period of time where the heart is insensitive to stimulation (diastole)
-allows heart to passively fill with blood and prevent tissue from becoming fatigued (able to contract entire life)

50
Q

What is considered one heartbeat on a ECG?

A

R to R

51
Q

What are ECGs used for?

A

-to detect/ diagnose abnormal heart rhythms, such as
fibrillation = uncoordinated/ unsynchronized/ irregular contraction
of heart muscle (cardiac muscle cells contract independently)

52
Q

How to measure heart rate (bpm)?

A

take pulse, use a monitor, or use a stethoscope.

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