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Biology OCR (8, transport in animals) > Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood > Flashcards

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name for the oxygen – carrying pigment in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

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2
Q

What sort of protein is haemoglobin?

A

A globular protein

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3
Q

How many sections is the Hhemoglobin divided into?

A

It is divided into four tightly packed polypeptide chains.

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4
Q

Sketch out the structure of a haemoglobin and label the components

A
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5
Q

What is located at the center of each polypeptide chain?

A

Haem group

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6
Q

What element does the haem group contain?

A

Iron

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7
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one single haemoglobin bind to?

A

4

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8
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one haem group bind to?

A

1

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9
Q

At what part of the body does the haemoglobin pick up oxygen?

A

The lungs

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10
Q

At what part of the body does the haemoglobin drop of oxygen?

A

respiring tissue

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11
Q

What is the scientific name for a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

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12
Q

How does the oxygen first get the haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen diffuses across the alveoli into the haemoglobin in the erythrocyte

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13
Q

Why does the haemoglobin bind to the oxygen after it diffuses across the alveoli?

A

Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen due to the high oxygen concentration (pO2) that exist there

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14
Q

Why does it become easier for the haemoglobin to bind to another oxygen molecule after it has already picked up an oxygen molecule?

A

The addition of one oxygen molecule to the first haem group distorts the shape of the haemoglobin molecule, making it easier for the second oxygen molecule to combine with haem. This, in turn, makes it easier for the third oxygen molecule to combine with a third haem group.

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15
Q

What is it called when the haemoglobin has picked up as many oxygen molecules as possible (all 4 oxygen molecules)?

A

It is said that the haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen

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16
Q

What is the name for a saturated haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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17
Q

Where in the body would you find oxyhaemoglobin?

A

The lungs

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18
Q

What is the colour of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen (oxyhaemoglobin)?

A

Bright red

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19
Q

Why does the haemoglobin unload its oxygen at the respiring tissues?

A

The haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen in areas such as the respiring tissues, where the oxygen concentration (pO2) is low. This means that the haemoglobin unloads its oxygen to the respiring tissues.

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20
Q

What is the name for haemoglobin that has given up all of its oxygen molecules?

A

Deoxyhaemoglobin

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21
Q

What colour is deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

A dark red

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22
Q

Where in the body would you find deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Respiring tissues

23
Q

What is partial pressure of oxygen?

A

A measure of oxygen concentration

24
Q

What is the symbol for partial pressure of oxygen?

A

pO2

25
Q

What is the definition of dissociates?

A

split into separate smaller atoms, ions, or molecules, especially reversibly.

26
Q

What kind of structure is haemoglobin said to have?

A

A quaternary structure

27
Q

Sketch a graph showing the dissociation curve for human oxyhaemoglobin.

A
28
Q

What is the equation that produces oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin + oxygen – oxyheamoglobin

29
Q

What is the symbol equation that produces oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Hb + 4O2 – Hb (O2)4

30
Q

What is the symbol for haemoglobin?

A

Hb

31
Q

How many haemoglobin are there in each red blood cell?

A

3 hundred million

32
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs?

A

10-12 Kpa

33
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues?

A

2-4 Kpa

34
Q

where on the oxygen dissociation curve would you find the lungs and the tissues?

A

s

35
Q

What percentage of blood becomes saturated with oxygen at the lungs?

A

95%

36
Q

If the carbon dioxide concentration is increased inside the respiring cells what would happen to the dissociation curve?

A

The oxygen dissociation cure would move downwards and to the right

37
Q

What is the Bohr’s affect?

A

a physiological phenomenon that states that hemoglobin’s oxygen binding affinity is related to the concentration of carbon dioxide.

38
Q

Why would the haemoglobin be more likely to release its oxygen around rapidly respiring tissues?

A

Because a high concentration of carbon dioxide would be present and haemoglobin has an even lower affinity for oxygen woth high carbon dioxide levels present and so more readily releases its oxygen to the tissues

39
Q

Sketch a graph showing the dissociation curves between a mothers haemoglobin and a fetal haemoglobin

A
40
Q

Why is fetal haemoglobin able to saturate with oxygen at lower partial pressures than an adult?

A

Fetal haemoglobin has a slightly different structure to adult haemoglobin, which gives it a higher affinity for oxygen at lower partial pressures.

41
Q

How does the mothers haemoglobin get to the fetus?

A

As the mothers blood arrives at the placenta, the pO2 of oxygen is low (2-4 Kpa). This means that the mothers haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen and the haemoglobin will release oxygen so that it diffuses across the placenta.

42
Q

How does the baby’s haemoglobin pick up oxygen?

A

The pO2 of oxygen in the placenta is low (2-4 Kpa), however the fetal haemoglobin still has a high affinity for oxygen. Due to this the fetal haemoglobin will bind to the oxygen released by the mother across the placenta.

43
Q

What molecule other than CO2 and 02 is present in erythrocytes?

A

Water (H2O)

44
Q

Draw the symbol equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water

A

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 -

45
Q

What is the name of H2CO3 -?

A

Carbonic acid

46
Q

What happens to the carbonic acid in the erythrocyte?

A

It dissociates to form a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion

47
Q

Draw the symbol equation for the dissociation of carbonic acid

A

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-

48
Q

What happens to the hydrogen ion formed in the erythrocyte?

A

The hydrogen ion binds to the haemoglobin

49
Q

Draw the symbol equation for when the hydrogen ion binds to the haemoglobin

A

H+ → Hb

50
Q

Draw the symbol equation for when the haemoglobin drops the oxygen molecules

A

Hb08 → Hb + 402

51
Q

What happens to the haemoglobin as it comes face to face with the hydrogen ion?

A

The haemoglobin basically drops the oxygen molecules in order to bind to the hydrogen ions

52
Q

Where are red blood cells created?

A

In red bone marrow

53
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for there function?

A

they have no nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin. They have a biconcave shape to maximise their surface area for oxygen absorption They are just slightly bigger than capillaries so that the rate of blood flow slows which allows more time for gas diffusion.

54
Q

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Biology OCR (8, transport in animals) (5 decks)

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