Transport Layer Flashcards
What is “logical communication”?
From an application’s perspective, it is as if the hosts running the processes were directly connected; in reality, the hosts may be on opposite sides of the planet, connected via numerous routers and a side range of link types.
Between which layers does the transport layer reside?
The transport layer is below the application layer and above the network layer.
How does a household mail example serve as an analogy for explaining how the transport layer relates to the network layer?
application messages: letters in envelopes processes: cousins hosts: houses transport-layer protocol: Ann and Bill network-layer protocol: postal service
What are the two transport layer protocols of the Internet?
UDP and TCP.
What is demultiplexing?
At the receiving end, the transport layer examines the fields in the segment to identify the receiving socket and then directs the segment to that socket.
What is multiplexing?
The job of gathering data chunks at the source host from different sockets, encapsulating each data chunk with header information to create segments, and passing segments to the network layer.
What are the segment fields that help with multiplexing/demultiplexing for UDP?
source port number and destination port number.
What are the segment fields that help with multiplexing and demultiplexing for TCP
Source IP address, source port number, destination IP address and destination port number
What is a connection establishment request?
A connection establishment request is nothing more than a TCP segment with destination port number and a special connection-establishment bit set in the TCP header.
Why choose UDP over TCP if it isn’t reliable?
TCP is considerably slower than UDP because of its handshaking process and also its congestion control. If UDP is selected the application can be designed to add functionality to UDP’s no-frills delivery service. UDP also has a smaller packet header size (8 bytes vs TCP’s 20)
Why not choose UDP?
UDP’s lack of congestion control is a large issue. Lack of congestion control in UDP can result in high loss rates between a USP sender and receiver, and the crowding out of TCP sessions
Describe the UDP segment structure and each of its parts
Source port, destination port
Length - length of the segment including the header in bytes.
Checksum - a 16 bit number to which all 16 bit words are added. The sum should be 1111111111111111. If one of the bits is a zero we will know there has been an error.
Application data - data being sent
What is the end-end principle?
Since certain functionality must be implemented on an end-end basis, functions placeced at the lower levels may be redundant or of little value when compaired to the cost of providing them at a higher level
What are ARQ protocols?
The control messages that allow the receiver to let the sender know that the message has been received correctly and what has been received in error and thus required repeating.
What are ACK and NAK
The positive ACK and negative NAK acknowledgment replies in the message dictation scenario are examples of feedback from the receiver to the sender`
What is a stop-and-wait protocol?
A protocol in which the sender stops and waits for a response from the receiver before sending the next packet
What is a sequence number?
A sequence number is a header field of TCP segments that allows sender and receivers to determine whether packets were received in retransmission or not.
What is the utilization of the sender/
The reaction of time the sender is actually busy sending bits into the channel.
Usender = L/R / RTT + L/R
What is pipelining?
Pipelining is when the sender is allowed to send multiple packets before waiting for a response
What are the consequences of pipelining for rdt’s?
- The range of sequence numbers must be increased
- the sender and receiver sides of the protocols may have to buffer more than one packet
- the rand of sequence numbers needed and the buffering requirements will depend on the manner in which a data transfer protocol responds to lost corrupted and overly delayed packets.
What is a Go-Back-N protocol?
GBN is when the sender is allowed to transmit multiple packets without waiting for an ACK but is constrained to have no more than some max allowable number N of unacknowledged packets in the pipeline.
What is a window size?
The range of permissible sequence numbers of transmitted but not yet acknowledged packets
What is a cumulative acknowledgment?
an ack that indicates that all packets with a sequence number up to and including n have been correctly received at the receiver.
What is a selective repeat protocol?
A selective repeat protocol is when the sender acknowledges all correctly received packets regardless of packet order.