transport in plants

Question 1

what are xylem and phloem made up of?

Answer 1

specialised cells

Question 2

where are the xylem and phloem found in a plant?

Answer 2

both are continuous from the root, through the stem and into the leaf

Question 3

what do xylem and phloem form?

Answer 3

vascular bundles in plants

Question 4

what does xylem carry around the plant and where to?

Answer 4

water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

Question 5

what does phloem carry and where to?

Answer 5

they carry food substances such as sugars up and down stems to growing and storage tissues

Question 6

what is transport of food substances called?

Answer 6

translocation

Question 7

what is transport of minerals called?

Answer 7

transpiration

Question 8

what is another name for xylem cells?

Answer 8

vessels

Question 9

why does an xylem cell have a hollow lumen?

Answer 9

because of its lack of living cytoplasm

Question 10

what give s the xylem cells strength and ssupport

Answer 10

their cellulose walls have extra thickening of lignin

Question 11

what is a phloem cell?

Answer 11

a living cell that is arranged in collumns

Question 12

what is transpiration?

Answer 12

the evaporation and diffusion of water from inside leaves

Question 13

what is evaporation?

Answer 13

changing from a liquid to a gas

Question 14

what does the loss of water by evaporation help create?

Answer 14

a continuous flow of water from the roots to the leaves in xylem cells

Question 15

what are root hairs?

Answer 15

projections form root hair cells

Question 16

how are root hairs adapted?

Answer 16

the produce a large surface area for water uptake by osmosis

Question 17

what does transpiration ensure?

Answer 17

that plants have water for cooling by evaporation, photosynthesis and support from cells turgor pressure and for transport of minerals

Question 18

how is the rate of transpiration increased and decreased?

Answer 18

in light intensity, temperature and air movement and a decrease in humidity

Question 19

what is humidity?

Answer 19

the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere

Question 20

how is the structure of a leaf adapted?

Answer 20

to prevent too much water loss which could cause wilting

Question 21

how is water loss reduced?

Answer 21

by having a waxy cuticle covering the outer epidermal cells and by most stomatal openings

Question 22

where are stomatal openings found?

Answer 22

the shaded lower surface of a leaf

Question 23

how are plant leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

Answer 23

by having stomata for entry and exit of gases

Question 24

how does water escape through stomata?

Answer 24

the spongy mesophyll cells are covered with a film of water in which the gases can dissolve

Question 25

how can the rate of transpiration be increased?

Answer 25

an increase in light intensity, which results in stomata being opened
an increase in temperature, causing an increase in the evaporation of water
an increase in air movement, blowing away air containing a lot of evaporated water

Question 26

what do guard cells contain?

Answer 26

chloroplasts

Question 27

what does this mean?

Answer 27

so photosynthesis will produce sugars , increasing turgor pressure, causing the cell walls to swell

Question 28

why does the guard cell curve, opening the stomata?

Answer 28

due to differential thickness of their walls

Question 29

how is further reduction of water loss caused?

Answer 29

by having fewer stomata, smaller stomata, the position of stomata and their distribution