Transport In Mammals Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cardiovascular system also known as?
A
Circulatory system
2
Q
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
A
- Blood vessels
- Blood
- Lymph
- Heart
3
Q
What are the four main functions of the circulatory system?
A
- Transport of nutrients and oxygen
- Disposal of waste materials
- Transport of hormones
- Circulate WBCs and RBCs
4
Q
What type of circulatory system do humans have?
A
Closed, double circulatory system
5
Q
What does a closed circulatory system mean?
A
Blood is contained in blood vessels
6
Q
In a double circulatory system, how many times does blood pass through the heart in one complete circuit?
A
Twice
7
Q
What are the two circulations in the double circulatory system?
A
- Pulmonary circulation
- Systemic circulation
8
Q
What do arteries do?
A
Carry blood away from the heart
9
Q
What type of blood do arteries generally carry?
A
Oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery)
10
Q
What is the function of capillaries?
A
Exchange vessels that bring blood close to tissues
11
Q
What do veins do?
A
Carry blood towards the heart
12
Q
What type of blood do veins generally carry?
A
Deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
13
Q
What are the three layers of an arterial wall?
A
- Tunica intima (endothelium)
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
14
Q
What is the thickest layer of an artery called?
A
Tunica media
15
Q
What are the components of the tunica media?
A
- Collagen fibres
- Elastic fibres
- Smooth muscle
16
Q
What role do collagen fibres play in arteries?
A
Withstand high pressure and prevent rupture of vessels
17
Q
What is the function of elastic fibres in arteries?
A
Allow vessel to stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure
18
Q
What happens during vasoconstriction?
A
Arterioles become narrow, reducing blood flow
19
Q
What happens during vasodilation?
A
Arterioles become wide, increasing blood flow
20
Q
What are the two types of arteries based on their distance from the heart?
A
- Elastic arteries
- Muscular arteries/arterioles
21
Q
What is the diameter of capillaries approximately?
A
7µm
22
Q
What is tissue fluid also known as?
A
Interstitial fluid
23
Q
What is the process of tissue fluid formation from blood plasma called?
A
Filtration
24
Q
What is the main component of blood that helps in transport?
A
Haemoglobin
25
What is the structure of haemoglobin?
Made of 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains
26
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen to body tissues
27
What is the shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave disc
28
What is the lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
29
What are the two main types of white blood cells?
* Phagocytes
* Lymphocytes
30
What do phagocytes do?
Remove dead cells and pathogens through phagocytosis
31
Where do lymphocytes mature?
* B-lymphocytes in bone marrow
* T-lymphocytes in thymus
32
What distinguishes white blood cells from red blood cells?
White blood cells contain a nucleus
33
What is the role of valves in veins?
Prevent backflow of blood
34
What happens to tissue fluid that does not return to the blood?
It moves into lymphatic vessels and becomes lymph
35
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
Return lymph to blood via subclavian veins near the heart
36
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
Involved in specific immune responses
37
What is the S-shaped curve in the haemoglobin dissociation curve due to?
Cooperative binding of oxygen
38
At what pressure does haemoglobin release oxygen?
At low pO2 (in respiring tissues)
39
What is the composition of tissue fluid compared to blood plasma?
Similar but overall lower protein concentration
40
What is the primary component that does not enter tissue fluid?
RBCs
41
What is the role of macrophages?
Remove pathogens and dead cells from tissues
42
What is the primary component of blood plasma?
Water
43
What happens to blood pressure as blood moves away from the heart?
It decreases
44
What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as oxygen binding increases?
It increases
45
What is the oxygen demand in respiring tissues?
High for aerobic respiration
46
What is the effect of low partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in respiring tissues?
Low % saturation of hemoglobin
47
What occurs at the lungs in terms of oxygen supply?
High O2 supply, high % saturation
48
What is the relationship between small decreases in partial pressure and % saturation?
A small decrease in pO2 leads to a large decrease in % saturation
49
How does low pO2 affect the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?
Decreases affinity
50
What factors affect the affinity of hemoglobin to O2?
* pO2
* pCO2
51
What is the Bohr Effect?
The effect where high pCO2 decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
52
What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pCO2 is high?
It decreases
53
What is the significance of the Bohr effect in respiring tissues?
Increases dissociation of oxyhemoglobin
54
What is the process that occurs when CO2 diffuses from respiring tissue?
CO2 → blood plasma → RBC
55
What role does carbonic anhydrase play in CO2 transport?
Converts CO2 to carbonic acid
56
What happens to carbonic acid in the blood?
Dissociates into hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
57
What is the chloride shift?
HCO3- diffuses from RBC to blood plasma while Cl- moves into RBC
58
How does H+ affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Lowers affinity
59
What percentage of CO2 is transported in the form of hydrogencarbonate ions?
85%
60
What happens to hydrogencarbonate ions in the lungs?
Diffuse back into RBC and convert back to CO2
61
What is the structure of the heart primarily made of?
Cardiac muscle
62
What type of circulatory system does blood pass through?
Closed, double circulatory system
63
Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than the atria?
Need high force to pump blood to the whole body
64
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?
Pumps blood to the entire body
65
What are coronary arteries?
Blood vessels that supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood
66
What is the normal heart rate in beats per minute?
Approximately 75 bpm
67
What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?
* Atrial systole
* Ventricular systole
* Diastole
68
What occurs during atrial systole?
Atria contract, ventricles relax
69
What valves are open during ventricular systole?
Semilunar valves
70
What is systolic pressure?
Maximum blood pressure in the arteries
71
What is diastolic pressure?
Minimum blood pressure in the arteries
72
What initiates the cardiac cycle?
Sinoatrial node (SAN)
73
What is the role of the atrioventricular node (AVN)?
Acts as a relay station between atria and ventricles
74
What is the refractory period?
Period of insensitivity to any stimulation
75
What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?
Heart rate and regularity
76
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Atrial systole
77
What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?
Ventricular systole
78
What is the average length of one cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
79
What does bpm stand for?
beats per minute
80
What is the duration of one cardiac cycle?
0.8 s
81
How is heart rate in bpm calculated?
bpm = 60 s ÷ duration of 1 cardiac cycle in seconds
82
What is the heart rate when one cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds?
75 bpm
83
What are the three main parts of the circulatory system covered?
* Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
* Blood Plasma vs Tissue Fluid
* WBCs and RBCs
84
What are the key topics in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
* The Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve
* Bohr effect and Transport of CO2
85
What are the main topics discussed regarding the heart?
* Structure of the Heart
* Cardiac Cycle
* Control of Heart Beat
86
True or False: The Bohr effect is related to the transport of oxygen.
False
87
Fill in the blank: The duration of one cardiac cycle is _______.
0.8 s
88
What is the significance of the Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve?
It illustrates how hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
89
What is the main function of WBCs?
To fight infections and provide immunity.
90
What are the two types of blood cells mentioned?
* White Blood Cells (WBCs)
* Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
91
What is the primary function of blood vessels?
To transport blood throughout the body.
92
What is the relationship between cardiac cycles and heart rate?
Heart rate is the number of cardiac cycles occurring per minute.
93
Fill in the blank: The control of heart beat is a topic covered in the _______ section.
Heart
94
What aspect of the circulatory system do arteries, veins, and capillaries belong to?
Blood Vessels
95
True or False: Blood plasma and tissue fluid are the same.
False
96
What video topic is related to the exchange of gases in blood?
Respiratory System, part 2: How Blood Cells Exchange Oxygen and CO2
