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Transport In Mammals > Transport In Mammals > Flashcards

Transport In Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system also known as?

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
  • Lymph
  • Heart
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3
Q

What are the four main functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • Transport of nutrients and oxygen
  • Disposal of waste materials
  • Transport of hormones
  • Circulate WBCs and RBCs
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4
Q

What type of circulatory system do humans have?

A

Closed, double circulatory system

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5
Q

What does a closed circulatory system mean?

A

Blood is contained in blood vessels

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6
Q

In a double circulatory system, how many times does blood pass through the heart in one complete circuit?

A

Twice

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7
Q

What are the two circulations in the double circulatory system?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
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8
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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9
Q

What type of blood do arteries generally carry?

A

Oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery)

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10
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange vessels that bring blood close to tissues

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11
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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12
Q

What type of blood do veins generally carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)

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13
Q

What are the three layers of an arterial wall?

A
  • Tunica intima (endothelium)
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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14
Q

What is the thickest layer of an artery called?

A

Tunica media

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15
Q

What are the components of the tunica media?

A
  • Collagen fibres
  • Elastic fibres
  • Smooth muscle
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16
Q

What role do collagen fibres play in arteries?

A

Withstand high pressure and prevent rupture of vessels

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17
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres in arteries?

A

Allow vessel to stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure

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18
Q

What happens during vasoconstriction?

A

Arterioles become narrow, reducing blood flow

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19
Q

What happens during vasodilation?

A

Arterioles become wide, increasing blood flow

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20
Q

What are the two types of arteries based on their distance from the heart?

A
  • Elastic arteries
  • Muscular arteries/arterioles
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21
Q

What is the diameter of capillaries approximately?

A

7µm

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22
Q

What is tissue fluid also known as?

A

Interstitial fluid

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23
Q

What is the process of tissue fluid formation from blood plasma called?

A

Filtration

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24
Q

What is the main component of blood that helps in transport?

A

Haemoglobin

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25
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Made of 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains

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26
Q

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen to body tissues

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27
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disc

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28
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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29
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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30
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Remove dead cells and pathogens through phagocytosis

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31
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature?

A
  • B-lymphocytes in bone marrow
  • T-lymphocytes in thymus
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32
Q

What distinguishes white blood cells from red blood cells?

A

White blood cells contain a nucleus

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33
Q

What is the role of valves in veins?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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34
Q

What happens to tissue fluid that does not return to the blood?

A

It moves into lymphatic vessels and becomes lymph

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35
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Return lymph to blood via subclavian veins near the heart

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36
Q

What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

A

Involved in specific immune responses

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37
Q

What is the S-shaped curve in the haemoglobin dissociation curve due to?

A

Cooperative binding of oxygen

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38
Q

At what pressure does haemoglobin release oxygen?

A

At low pO2 (in respiring tissues)

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39
Q

What is the composition of tissue fluid compared to blood plasma?

A

Similar but overall lower protein concentration

40
Q

What is the primary component that does not enter tissue fluid?

A

RBCs

41
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

Remove pathogens and dead cells from tissues

42
Q

What is the primary component of blood plasma?

A

Water

43
Q

What happens to blood pressure as blood moves away from the heart?

A

It decreases

44
Q

What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as oxygen binding increases?

A

It increases

45
Q

What is the oxygen demand in respiring tissues?

A

High for aerobic respiration

46
Q

What is the effect of low partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in respiring tissues?

A

Low % saturation of hemoglobin

47
Q

What occurs at the lungs in terms of oxygen supply?

A

High O2 supply, high % saturation

48
Q

What is the relationship between small decreases in partial pressure and % saturation?

A

A small decrease in pO2 leads to a large decrease in % saturation

49
Q

How does low pO2 affect the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?

A

Decreases affinity

50
Q

What factors affect the affinity of hemoglobin to O2?

A
  • pO2
  • pCO2
51
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

The effect where high pCO2 decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

52
Q

What happens to hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when pCO2 is high?

A

It decreases

53
Q

What is the significance of the Bohr effect in respiring tissues?

A

Increases dissociation of oxyhemoglobin

54
Q

What is the process that occurs when CO2 diffuses from respiring tissue?

A

CO2 → blood plasma → RBC

55
Q

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in CO2 transport?

A

Converts CO2 to carbonic acid

56
Q

What happens to carbonic acid in the blood?

A

Dissociates into hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

57
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

HCO3- diffuses from RBC to blood plasma while Cl- moves into RBC

58
Q

How does H+ affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Lowers affinity

59
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported in the form of hydrogencarbonate ions?

A

85%

60
Q

What happens to hydrogencarbonate ions in the lungs?

A

Diffuse back into RBC and convert back to CO2

61
Q

What is the structure of the heart primarily made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

62
Q

What type of circulatory system does blood pass through?

A

Closed, double circulatory system

63
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than the atria?

A

Need high force to pump blood to the whole body

64
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the entire body

65
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

66
Q

What is the normal heart rate in beats per minute?

A

Approximately 75 bpm

67
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Atrial systole
  • Ventricular systole
  • Diastole
68
Q

What occurs during atrial systole?

A

Atria contract, ventricles relax

69
Q

What valves are open during ventricular systole?

A

Semilunar valves

70
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Maximum blood pressure in the arteries

71
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Minimum blood pressure in the arteries

72
Q

What initiates the cardiac cycle?

A

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

73
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

A

Acts as a relay station between atria and ventricles

74
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Period of insensitivity to any stimulation

75
Q

What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

A

Heart rate and regularity

76
Q

What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

A

Atrial systole

77
Q

What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular systole

78
Q

What is the average length of one cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

79
Q

What does bpm stand for?

A

beats per minute

80
Q

What is the duration of one cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 s

81
Q

How is heart rate in bpm calculated?

A

bpm = 60 s ÷ duration of 1 cardiac cycle in seconds

82
Q

What is the heart rate when one cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds?

A

75 bpm

83
Q

What are the three main parts of the circulatory system covered?

A
  • Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
  • Blood Plasma vs Tissue Fluid
  • WBCs and RBCs
84
Q

What are the key topics in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A
  • The Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve
  • Bohr effect and Transport of CO2
85
Q

What are the main topics discussed regarding the heart?

A
  • Structure of the Heart
  • Cardiac Cycle
  • Control of Heart Beat
86
Q

True or False: The Bohr effect is related to the transport of oxygen.

A

False

87
Q

Fill in the blank: The duration of one cardiac cycle is _______.

A

0.8 s

88
Q

What is the significance of the Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve?

A

It illustrates how hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide.

89
Q

What is the main function of WBCs?

A

To fight infections and provide immunity.

90
Q

What are the two types of blood cells mentioned?

A
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs)
  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
91
Q

What is the primary function of blood vessels?

A

To transport blood throughout the body.

92
Q

What is the relationship between cardiac cycles and heart rate?

A

Heart rate is the number of cardiac cycles occurring per minute.

93
Q

Fill in the blank: The control of heart beat is a topic covered in the _______ section.

A

Heart

94
Q

What aspect of the circulatory system do arteries, veins, and capillaries belong to?

A

Blood Vessels

95
Q

True or False: Blood plasma and tissue fluid are the same.

A

False

96
Q

What video topic is related to the exchange of gases in blood?

A

Respiratory System, part 2: How Blood Cells Exchange Oxygen and CO2

Transport In Mammals (1 decks)

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