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BIOLOGY REVISION > transport in animals bits > Flashcards

transport in animals bits Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main factors for needing a transport system?

A
  • size
  • surface area to volume ratio
  • level of metabolic activity
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2
Q

What are other factors that influence the need for a transport system?

A
  • rate of diffusion is insufficient

- short supply of oxygen

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3
Q

What will an effective transport system include?

A
  • fluid or medium to carry nutrients oxygen and wastes around the body
  • a pump to create pressure to push the fluid around
  • exchange surfaces that enable substances to enter blood and leave again (capillaries)
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4
Q

What does an efficient transport system include?

A
  • tubes or vessels to carry blood by mass flow

- two circuits one to pick up oxygen and one to deliver it to the tissues

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5
Q

What is the con of having a single circulatory system?

A

Having a single circulatory system means pressure drops as blood passes through small capillaries of the gills/exchange surface. Rate of flow and therefore delivery/ removal is limited

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6
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of open circulatory systems?

A
  • blood pressure and flow is slow

- circulation of blood may be affected by body movements or lack of body movement

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7
Q

Discuss insects who have a heart like organ

A

Insects have a muscular pumping organ that is a long tube lying under the dorsal surface of the body.
blood from body enters the heart through pores called ostia
the heart pumps blood towards the head by peristalsis
At the front end of the heart near the head the blood simply pours out into the body cavity

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8
Q

Do cells get bathed at all in closed circulatory systems?

A

In closed systems cells get bathed by a a separate fluid called tissue fluid

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9
Q

Advantages of closed systems

A
  • higher pressure so quicker blood flow
  • more rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
  • more rapid removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes
  • transport is independent of body movements
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10
Q

general structure of arteries and veins and differences in these in each

A 
lumen-- small in arteries
endothelium
elastic fibres--thicker in arteries
smooth muscle--thicker in arteries
collagen fibres--thicker in arteries
--veins have valves
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11
Q

Discuss the fancy names of artery wall components

A

artery walls

  • tunica intima (inner layer of elastic tissue)
  • tunica media (middle layer or smooth muscle)
  • tunica adventitia (outer layer of collagen and elastic tissue)
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12
Q

What can constriction of arteriole walls be used for?

A

Constriction of arteriole walls can be used to divert the flow of blood to regions of the body that are demanding more oxygen

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13
Q

3 features of capillaries

A
  • very narrow lumen increase resistance and rate of flow
  • wall is a single layer of flattened endothelial cells to reduce diffusion distance
  • leaky walls so things can leave the blood
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14
Q

What are white and red blood cells also called?

A

White blood cells = leucocytes

Red blood cells = ethrocytes

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15
Q

What is tissue fluid and what does it do?

A

Tissue fluid is formed from plasma leaking out of capillaries and it surrounds the tissues supplying them with oxygen and nutrients that they require

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16
Q

Describe formation of tissue fluid

A
  1. At the arterial end of a capillary bed high hydrostatic pressure forces dissolved nutrients and oxygen dissolved in plasma through the thin capillary wall
  2. Tissue fluid containing nutrients and oxygen surrounds body cells so exchange across plasma membranes can happen (diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active uptake). wastes also leave the cells
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17
Q

What happens after formation of tissue fluid

A

At the venous end of the capillary bed, high oncotic pressure in the tissue fluid and low hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries means water and some solutes drain back into the capillaries.
The rest of the tissue fluid drains into the lymphatic system.

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18
Q

Explain what happens to excess tissue fluid

A
  1. tissue fluid directed into eh lymph system
  2. drains tissue fluid and returns it to the blood system in the subclavian vein in the chest
  3. the fluid become lymph
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19
Q

What does lymph contain?

A

Lymph is very similar to tissue fluid but has more lymphocytes as these are produced in the lymph nodes

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20
Q

What happens with the capillaries if the system gets infected?

A

If a tissue gets infected the capillaries become more leaky and more fluid is redirected to the lymph system helping direct bacteria to the lymph nodes

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21
Q

Discuss and define oncotic pressure

A

Oncotic pressure is the pressure something exerts because of its solute concentration
Oncotic pressure of the blood tends to pull water back into the blood
Oncotic pressure of tissue fluid tends to pull water back into tissue fluid

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22
Q

Discuss and define hydrostatic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container
Hydrostatic pressure of the blood tends to push fluid into the tissues
Hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid tends to push fluid into the capillaries

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23
Q

how does the heart get oxygenated blood for itself to work?

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood

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24
Q

What can restricted blood flow to the heart cause?

A

restricted blood flow to the heart can cause angina or a myocardial infarction due to reduced oxygen delivery and nutrients like fatty acids and glucose

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25
Q

How does blood from the lungs enter the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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26
Q

What do tendinous cords do?

A

Tendinous cords stop the valves turning inside out

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27
Q

What separates the ventricles and why?

A

The septum separates the ventricles from each other ensuring oxygenated and deoxygenated blood dont mix

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28
Q

How does deoxygenated blood leave the heart to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

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29
Q

Describe thickness kf the atria

A

Atria are thin as they don’t need to create much pressure

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30
Q

Describe thickness of ventricles

A
  • right ventricles are thicker than atria
  • left ventricles are thickest as this blood is pumped out through the aorta to the body and needs to overcome resistance of systematic circulation
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31
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

  • fibred that branch to make cross bridges
  • myofibrils with mitochondria
  • intercalated discs separate the muscle cells
  • divided into sarcomeres
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32
Q

What is the role of cross bridges

A

Cross bridges help spread the stimulus around the heart and ensure muscle are making a squeezing action rather than reduction in length

33
Q

What do intercalated discs do?

A

Intercalated discs separate muscles cells and facilitate synchronised contraction

34
Q

What is a sinus rhythm?

A

A sinus rhythm is the regular rhythm of a heart beat

35
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Bradycardia is a slow heart rate

36
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Tachycardia is a fast heart beat

37
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Atrial fibrillation is the atria beating more frequently than the ventricles so no clear P waves are seen

38
Q

What is ectopic heart beat?

A

Ectopic heart beat is where the beat is early making the person feel they have missed a heart beat

39
Q

What are 4 heart issues making abnormal ECGS?

A
  • bradycardia
  • tachycardia
  • atrial fibrillation
  • ectopic heartbeat
40
Q

Describe the normal appearance of an ECG

A

ECGs

  • p wave is a small bump showing atrial stimulation
  • QRS complex has a small dip after the P wave (Q) before a large peak (R) then back to a low dip (S)
  • T wave is a little peak after QRS showing diastole
41
Q

How do you calculate beats per minute

A

Beats per minute
beats x 1/minutes
OR
multiply the time you get given to get 60 seconds then multiply the beats given by the same number

42
Q

What is myogenic?

A

Myogenic is being able to initiate its own contraction

43
Q

Do atria or ventricles contract at a higher frequency?

A

Atria tend to contract at a higher frequency than the ventricles

44
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

This is where the contractions of the chambers are not synchronised resulting in inefficient pumping

45
Q

What is the SAN also known as?

A

The SAN are also known as the pacemaker

46
Q

Why does the wave of excitation het delayed at the AVN?

A

The wave of excitation gets delayed at the AVN to allow time for the atria to finish contracting and for the blood to flow down into the ventricles before they begin to contract

47
Q

Why does the AVN need to exist?

A

This is the only route that can conduct the wave of excitation through to the ventricles as the tissue at the base of the atria is unable to conduct the wave of excitation and so it cannot directly spread down the ventricles

48
Q

Describe the contraction of the Atria

A

Contraction of the atria

  1. wave of excitation spreads over the walls of the atria
  2. wave travels along membranes of muscle tissues
  3. as wave of excitation passes it causes cardiac muscle cells to contract
  4. atrial systole
49
Q

Describe contraction of the ventricles

A

co traction of ventricles

  1. After shirt delay wave of excitation is carried away from the AVN down conductive tissue called purkyne tissue
  2. runs down interventricular septum
  3. at base of septum wave of excitation spreads out over the walls of the ventricles
  4. as excitation spreads up from the apex it causes muscle to contract
  5. ventricles contract from base upwards
  6. pushes blood to major arteries
50
Q

2 nodes?

A

Sinoatrial node at top left

atrioventricular node to left of centre

51
Q

What generates the hearts electrical activity in the heart?

A

The SAN generates electrical activity as it initiates a wave of excitation at regular intervals

52
Q

What happens to haemoglobin when it takes up oxygen?

A

When haemoglobin takes up oxyhgen it becomes oxyhaemoglobin

53
Q

Desrcieb the structure of haemoglobin

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • Fe 3+ haem group
  • Iron ion attracts oxygen (hih affinity)
54
Q

How does oxyhaemoglobin release oxygeb?

A

Dissociation

55
Q

What does the ability of haemoglobin to associate with and release oxygen depend on?

A

The ability of haemoglobin to associate with and relwase oxygen depends on the concentration of oxygen in surrounding tissues and this is called PARTIAL PRESSURE PO2 or OXYGEN TENSION kPa

56
Q

What graph does haemoglobin-oxygen association produce?

A

Haemoglobin can associate with oxygen to produce as S shaped curve called the HAEMOGLOBIN ASSOCIATION CURVE

57
Q

Describe each point of the haemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  1. low paertial pressure the haemoglobin doesn’t readily associate with oxygen as the haem group is in the centre so is diffuclt to reach the oxygen
  2. Partial pressure rises and eventually a haem group associate siwht an oxygen causing a conformational change to the haemoglobin allowing oxygen to more easily eneter and associate with haems
  3. steep curve as easy association
  4. 100 % saturation so curve levels off
58
Q

partial pressure in lungs?

A

High parital pressure to give haemoglobin 100% saturation

59
Q

Partial pressure in respiring tissues?

A

Low partial pressure in respiring tissues so oxyhaemoglobin can dissociate readily

60
Q

Fetal haemoglobin

A

Foetal haemoglobin has a slightly higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin.
Ensures the foetus can get oxygen from maternal blood through the placenta
Has an s curve to the left of adult haemoglobin curve

61
Q

Where does feral hameoglovin asbsrob oxygen from if partial pressure in placenta is low?

A
  1. If partial prsssue of oxygen in placenta is low then fetal hanekoglobin will absorb oxygen from surroundin fluid
  2. This reduces partial pressure further
  3. Oxygebn diffuses from mothers blood fluid into placenta
  4. Reduces partial pressure in mothers blood
    So maternal haemoglobin releases more oxygen
62
Q

Ways carbon dioxide is transported around the body

A
  • dissolved directly in the plasma
  • carbaminohaemoglobin (combined directly with haemoglobin)
  • hydrogen carbonate ions HC03-
63
Q

2 processes to make CO2 into hydorgencarbonate ions

A
  1. CO2 + H20 — H2C03 (carbonic acid) catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
  2. H2CO3 —- HCO3- + H+ (disscoaition)
64
Q

How is the charge in the red blood cell maintained? Why does this happen?

A

Chloride ions move from the plasma into the red blood cell CHLORIDE SHIFT. Tis is because the hydiorgen carbonate ions diffude out of the red blood cell and into the plasma.

65
Q

What could H+ build up in the blood cell cause and hwo is this combatted?

A

H+ build up could make the cell very acidic so hdorgen ions are taken out of solution by associating with haemoglobin to produce haemoglobinic acid (HHb). The haemoglobin is acting as a pH buffer

66
Q

When in respiring tissues what does haemoglobin take up? When tissues are very active what hapens

A

There is no xugen available to take up so it is available to takw up hyforhgen ions to form haemoglobinic acid, so when tissues are very active and release more carbon dioxide haemoglobin is dramtically affected

67
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The bphr effect is the effect extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin and explain s the release of more oxygen

68
Q

What does the Bohr effect result in?

A

The bohr effect results in more oxygen being released whrere more carbon dioxide is produced in repiration

69
Q

Explain the Bohr effect

A
  1. Crbon dioxide— carbonic acid —- hydrogen ions
  2. Acidic pH of cytoplasm affects tertiary structure of of haemoglobin reducing its affinity for oxygen
  3. Haemoglobin is unable to hold as much oxygen anymore so it has to release its oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin to the tissues
  4. more carbon dioxide = more H+ ions = more release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin
70
Q

Describe the haemoglobin dissociation curve with the bohr effect

A

higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide shifts curve down and to the right

71
Q

What is he coordinated sequence of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Diastole (relaxation allowing blood flow in)
  2. Atrial systole (co traction pushing blood into the ventricles)
  3. Ventricular systole (contraction from apex pushing blood up to arteries)
72
Q

Valve aim

A

To make sure blood only flows in one direction

73
Q

Atroventriualr valves open and initlaly close

A
  1. blood in atria pushes atrioventricular valves open
  2. pressure in ventircles and atria rises
  3. valves close after atria contraxt and start to relax due to swirling motion in blood arounf these valves
74
Q

How atrioventricular valves stay shut

A

ventricles constract raising pressure of blood

  1. blood starts to move upwards when pressure is higher than in the atria
  2. valve pockets fill keeping them closed
  3. tendionous cords attached to valves prevtn them going inside out
  4. no back flow
75
Q

When will semilunar valves be closed?

A

Semilunar valve are closed when pressure in the major arteris is higher than in the ventricles, blood cpllecs in the pockets of the valves keeping them shut

76
Q

When and how will semilunar valves open?

A
  1. ventricular systole raises pressure in ventricles higher in major arteries
  2. Semilunar valves open
  3. blood is high pressured so pushed out very powerfully
  4. diastole causes pressure to drop in ventricles to below that of in the major arteries
77
Q

Which sides are the tricuspid and bicuspid on?

A

Tricuspid is on the right side of the heart

Bicuspid is on the left side of the heart

78
Q

Discuss blood pressure in the blood vessels

A

Artery walls have lots of elastic tissue
• Elastic tissue maintains the pressure in aorta by stretching and recoiling
• The further along arteries the blood flows the lower the pressure becomes and the more dampened the fluctuations in pressure become.

BIOLOGY REVISION (21 decks)

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