transport in animals 9.1 , 9.2 , 9.3 , 9.4 Flashcards
circulatory system
a system of BLOOD VESSELS with a PUMP and VALVES to ensure ONE WAY flow of blood
valves
structures that allow liquid to flow in
: atrioventricular valve (tricuspid, mitral) : located in upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricle)
: semilunar valves : in arteries leaving the heart
oxygenating blood
blood in left hand side of the heart has come from the lungs
single circulatory system
e.g: fish
- blood pass through heart only once
- one complete circuit
disadvantage
- slower blood circulation
- low blood pressure
double circulatory system
e.g : mammals
- blood enters/passes through heart twice
- on one complete circuit of the body
advantages
- allows oxygen and glucose to deliver faster
- maintain higher blood pressure
- efficient
coronary artery
- supply extra nutrients and oxygen
- gets blocked by fat deposit and then platelets clogs
- block —> surgery : 1) stent 2) angioplasty
—> medication : 1) Aspirin 2) static
Human heart
two valves : atrioventricular, semilunar
contains atrium and ventricle
human heart stages
from rest of body (deoxygenated blood) > vena cava > right atrium > right atrium contracts > atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) opens > right ventricle > right ventricle contracts > semilunar valve opens >
pulmonary artery > lungs (oxygenated blood) > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left atrium contracts > atrioventricular valve open (mitral) > left ventricle > left ventricle contracts > semilunar valve open > aorta > rest of body
right ventricle
- less cardiac muscle
- pumps blood to lunga
left ventricle
- pumps blood to rest of body
- thicker cardiac muscle
blood vessels
capillaries, artery, vein
artery
- have high pressure
- small lumen, thick wall
- no valves
- heart to rest of body
arteriole > artery > aorta
capillary
- connect arteries and veins
- carries both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
- walls only one cell thick for diffusion (small lumen)
- no valves
vein
- from rest of body to heart
- carries mostly deoxygenated blood
- have low pressure with thinner walls (large lumen)
- has valves
venule > vein > vena cava
blood composition
- blood in test tube > after lab > yellow plasma formed on top of white blood cells/ platelet, bottom has red blood cells
white blood cells
has lobed
- phagocyte
- engulfs/eats germ/bacteria (phagocytosis)
without lobed
- lymphocyte
- produces antibody
platelets
to stop blood from losing - flowing more and more
- small fragments of cells
- no nucleus
- blood clotting - provides a barrier against the entry of bacteria and viruses
deoxygenated blood
blood that’s brought back from the rest of the body to the right hand side of the heart
pulmonary artery
blood flowing to the lungs has a lower pressure than the blood in the aorta
septum
to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
white blood cells
- defends body against germs
red blood cells
- contains haemoglobin ——-> transports oxygen from the lungs to rest of body
- no nucleus ——-> carry more haemoglobin which leads to increased transport of oxygen
- circular biconcave shape ———> increased surface area - increased transport of oxygen
phagocytosis
1) a phagocytosis moves towards a group of bacteria, and flows around them
2) the phagocyte cell membrane fuses together enclosing the bacteria in a vacuole
3) enzymes are secreted into the vacuole and digest the bacteria
4) soluble substances diffuse from the vacuole into the phagocyte’s cytoplasm
process of blood clotting
1) when you are injured
2) platelets become activated - forms a temporary plug
3) a reaction occurs between fibrinogen (soluble) which forms into fibrin (insoluble)
4) fibrin forms a mesh like structure to stop the bleeding (clogs red blood cells)
5) a blood clot is then formed
