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OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 3) > TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS > Flashcards

TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are features of an effective transport system?

A
  • need fluid to carry oxygen, glucose, etc around body
  • pump- creates pressure to push fluid around body (heart)
  • exchange surfaces (allow O2 to leave blood- lungs, villi)
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2
Q

What does an efficient system include?

A

Tubes/vessels to carry blood

Two circuits- one to pick up O2 and other to take to tissues

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3
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Blood stays entirely in vessels

Tissue fluid bathes the cells

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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Blood not always contained in vessels but circulates the body cavity which is called haemocoel (blood space)
Cells bathed directly in blood

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5
Q

How do insects pump blood around their body?

A

Squeeze blood towards head, flows into haemocoel

Body movements help blood flow

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6
Q

How is oxygen transported to cells in insects?

A

Blood doesn’t transport oxygen
Tubes with trachea openings called spiracles
Trachea penetrates into body= diffusion sufficient to stays insects O2 demand

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7
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

Blood only flows through the heart once for each complete circuit of the body

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8
Q

What is a double circular;atpry system?

A

Blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body

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9
Q

What is the circuit called when blood pumps from the heart to lungs then back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

What is the circuit called when blood is pumped from the heart around the body and then back to the heart?

A

Systemic circuit

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11
Q

How does blood flow in a fish?

A

Heart
Gills
Body
Heart

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12
Q

How does blood flow in a mammal?

A 
Heart
Lungs
Heart
Body
Heart
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13
Q

What is the circulation in a fish?

A

Closed

Single

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14
Q

What is the circulation in a mammal?

A

Closed

Double

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15
Q

Whats an advantage of having a double circulatory system?

A

Higher pressure, supplies O2 and glucose more quickly to body tissues

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16
Q

What is the order of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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17
Q

What do veins contain to allow them to vasoconstrict and vasodilate?

A

Smooth muscle

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18
Q

In what vessels does blood leave the heart?

A

Arteries

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19
Q

What blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?

A

Veins

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20
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

Thick walls to withstand pressure- thick smooth muscle and elastic fibres (constrict and dilate vessels)
Folded endothelium- allows them to change size
Layer of elastic tissue- stretch and recoil
Narrow lumen

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21
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Allow exchange of materials- wall of endothelium (flattened)= one cell thick
Lumen big enough for RBC to move along
Walls are leaky= allows plasma and dissolved substances to leave blood

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22
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

Unfolded endothelium cells (doesn’t need to change size)
Large lumen to decrease resistance
Thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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23
Q

Describe valves

A
  • return the blood at low pressure, veins are squeezed by surrounding muscles
  • prevent backflip
  • flaps or unfolding of endothelium
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24
Q

What do coronary arteries supple to heart muscles?

A

O2 and nutrients (e.g. glucose) for aerobic respiration

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25
Q

What do cardiac veins remove?

A

Waste carbon dioxide

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26
Q

What does restricted flow in vessels cause?

A

Angina and blockages of arteries

Leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack), as heart muscles are deprived of oxygen

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27
Q

What separates the two sides of the heart?

A

Septum

Prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing

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28
Q

What valves separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Atrio-ventricular valves

  • tricuspid (right)
  • bicuspid (left)
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29
Q

What is the role of tendinous chords?

A

Prevents valves turning inside out

30
Q

Where does the aorta transport blood to and from?

A

Left ventricle to head and body

31
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery transport blood to and from?

A 
From left atrium 
To lungs (only artery with deoxygenated blood)
32
Q

Where does the vena cava transport blood to and from?

A

From body and head

To right atrium

33
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein transport blood from?

A

From the lungs

To left atrium (only vein with oxygenated blood)

34
Q

What forms the heart muscles?

A

Intercalated discs
Nucleus (one per cell)
Branched muscle fibres- produces squeezing muscle force by spreading contraction
Spaces between cells filled with loose connective tissue

35
Q

What does it mean by the cardiac muscles being myogenic?

A

Can generate it’s own impulse

Contracts and relaxes without any nerve stimulation

36
Q

In cardiac muscles, why are cells branched?

A

Produce cross bridges

Help spread contractions and allows heart to produce squeezing force

37
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs in the cardiac muscles?

A

Facilitate a synchronised contraction

38
Q

Describe atrial systole

A

Atria contracts
Small pressure in atria (less muscles)
Blood forced into ventricles through atria-ventricular valves
Ventricles fill with blood
No back glow because semi-lunar valves close

39
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A

Ventricle contracts
Increases pressure
Higher pressure in ventricles than atria, pushing atria-ventricualr valves shut
High pressure in ventricles opens semi-lunar valves in aorta and pulmonary artery

40
Q

Describe diastole

A

Atria and ventricles relax
Elastic tissue recoil to help ventricles go back to original size
Decreased pressure in ventricles
High pressure pulmonary artery and aorta= semi-lunar valves to shut
Blood flows into atria
Ventricles relax= atria fill up with blood= higher pressure in atria
Opens atria-ventriucalr valves
Blood flows into ventricles

41
Q

What does the ‘lub dub’ sound of the heart mean?

A 
Lub= atrioventricular valves shutting 
Dub= semilunar valves shutting
42
Q

What are cardiac muscles

A

Myogenic- relax and contract on their own

43
Q

Where is the Sino atrial node

A

Right atrium

44
Q

What does the SAN initiate

A

Electrical wave of excitation (depolarisation), passes over walls of atria causing them to contract

45
Q

What stops electrical waves passing into ventricles

A

Band of non-conducting collagen fibres between atria and ventricles

46
Q

Why must the wave of exception not be passed into the ventricles

A

Blood from atria needs to be pushed out before entering ventricles

47
Q

What is the atrioventricular node

A

Small group of non-conductive collagen fibres at top of septum

48
Q

Function of AVN

A

Depolarisation through a small wave, travels down purine tissues and into septum

49
Q

Function of purine tissue

A

Conducts electrical wave upwards and outwards through ventricle wall
Causing muscle contract bottom up

50
Q

What are the stages of an ECG trace

A

Starts in right atrium, SAN (myogenic)- pacemaker
Muscles in SAN contract- electrical impulse through muscles into atria- atria contracts P WAVE
Impulse enters AVN, impulse down ventricles
Impulse move down septum along purkyne tissue, into ventricles up walls- QRS
Ventricles relax T WAVE, SAN contracts again and sequence repeats

51
Q

Explain bradycardia

A

Heart rate slows below 60bpm

May need pacemaker

52
Q

Explain tachycardia

A

Heart rate very rapid, over 100bpm

May need medication or surgery

53
Q

Explain ectopic heartbeat

A

Extra heart beats out of normal rhythm

Can happen once a day, could be fatal

54
Q

Explain atrial fibrillation

A

Abnormal heart rhythm
Rapid electrical impulses generated in atria
Contract very fast, up to 400 times a minute, down always contract properly so only some impulses are passed onto ventricles
Heart doesn’t pump effectively

55
Q

Explain ventricular fibrillation

A

Rapid and irregular electrical activity
Ventricles unable to contract in a synchronised manner
Loss of cardiac output

56
Q

What is blood made up of

A

55% plasma (water, CO2, mineral ions)
1% platelets (WBC)
44% RBC

57
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Fluid that bathes cells in tissues
Formed from plasma that has leaked out of capillaries
Essential for exchange of materials

58
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

At end of arteriole blood has high hydrostatic pressure
Pushes fluid through gaps in capillaries
Tissue fluid has small hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure affects movements of fluid
At the arteriole end of capillaries there is a NET hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out capillary

59
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

Used rather than water potential in blood as its not a solution
Capillary wall permeable to ions so osmosis will not occur in normal way

60
Q

How is tissue fluid returned to the blood

A

At venue end of capillary the hydrostatic (blood) pressure is much lower due to loss of fluid
However, plasma proteins are too large to fit through gaps in capillaries so there is still oncotic pressure
Venule end of capillary has NET movement of fluid into capillary due to oncotic pressure

61
Q

What do lymph vessels collect and return to the blood system

A

10% of fluid which has leaked from capillaries

62
Q

Explain lymph vessels

A

Allow tissue fluid to flow in buy not out (valves)

Valves allow proteins through as proteins too large to enter capillaries

63
Q

What are adaptions to erythrocytes

A

Very small (7-8 micrometer)- squeeze through capillaries, short diffusion pathway
Biconcave disc- larger SA:V
No nucleus, mitochondria etc- more space for haemoglobin

64
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

Globular
4 polypeptide chains
Each polypeptide has a team prosthetic group contain iron
Haem group has affinity for oxygen, iron attracts and holds onto oxygen = oxyhemoglobin, reversible- unloads non body tissues

65
Q

How is oxygen taken up

A

O2 molecules diffuse into blood plasma from alveoli
O2 binds to haemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin
Taking O2 out of solution maintains a steep conc gradient
Meaning more O2 enters blood and diffuses into RBC

66
Q

How is oxygen released

A

O2 molecules needed in the tissue for aerobic respiration

Oxyhemoglobin unloads releasing O2

67
Q

What does haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen depend on

A

Partial pressure of oxygen
As partial pressure increases so does affinity
O2 loads onto Hb to form oxyhemoglobin where there’s a high po2, unloads when low po2

68
Q

Why is the disassociation curve S shaped?

A
  1. first O2 molecule binds slowly with first harm group
    - binding of first harm group causes haemoglobin shape to change
  2. as a result it is easier for 2nd and 3rd O2 mole to bind to harm group- curve becomes steeper
  3. curve flattens because its then harder for fourth harm group to combine to harm group
69
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported

A

5% in dissolved plasma
10% in haemoglobin= carbaminoheamoglobin
85% diffuse into erythrocytes where enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses it E

70
Q

Explain the chloride shift

A

Hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out erythrocyte into plasma

Causes chloride ions to enter erythrocytes to balance change

71
Q

Explain the Bohr effect

A

H+ ions cause an increase in cell acidity
Haemoglobin acts as buffer, take up H+ to form haemoglobonic acid
Oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen

OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 3) (3 decks)

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