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Biology: Module 3: Exchange & Transport > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that mean that multicellular animals need transport systems

A

Large size, high metabolic rate, low surface area to volume ratio, rate of diffusion is not enough, large distance between where molecules are produced and where they are needed

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2
Q

Types of circulatory system

A

Single, double, open, closed

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3
Q

Features different circulatory systems have in common

A

Liquid transport medium, vessels that carry the transport medium, of pumping mechanism

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4
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Few blood vessels, haemocoel (Open body cavity), low pressure

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5
Q

Circulatory system in insects

A

Open, haemolymph doesn’t carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, haemolymph transports nitrogenous waste, body cavity split by membrane, heart extends along length of thorax and abdomen

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6
Q

Disadvantages of open circulatory systems

A

No steep diffusion gradients, amount of fluid flowing to a tissue can’t be changed

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7
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in vessels, blood returns directly to the heart, substances leave and enter thro ugh walls of blood vessels

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8
Q

Examples of organisms with closed circulatory systems

A

Echinoderms, cephalopod molluscs, mammals

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9
Q

Single circulatory system

A

When the blood travels once through the heart for each complete circulation of the body

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10
Q

How a single circulatory system works

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through set of capillaries, substances exchanged through other capillaries to organ systems

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11
Q

Disadvantages of single circulatory system

A

Low blood pressure, low speed

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12
Q

Circulatory system in fish

A

Single circulatory system, countercurrent gaseous exchange system, body weight supported by water so can be active without efficiency

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13
Q

Double circulatory system

A

The blood travels twice through the heart for each circuit of the body

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14
Q

Two circuits in the double circulatory system

A

Heart to lungs, heart to body

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15
Q

Advantages of doubl circulatory system

A

High pressure, fast flow of blood

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16
Q

Examples of blood vessels (Types)

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules

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17
Q

Function of arteries

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from th heart to tissues in the body

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18
Q

Structure of arteries

A

Elastic fibres, smooth muscle, collagen, order of layers from smallest to largest is lumen endothelium elastic muscle tough outer

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19
Q

Role of elastin fibres in blood vessels

A

Stretching and recoiling, flexibility

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20
Q

Role of smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

Contracts or relaxes to change the size of the lumen

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21
Q

Role of collagen in the blood vessels

A

To provide structural support, to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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22
Q

Role of endothelium in the blood vessels

A

Smooth so blood flows over it

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23
Q

Function of arterioles

A

To link arteries and capillaries

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24
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

More smooth muscle, less elastin

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25
Q

Why do arterioles constrict and dilate?

A

To control the flow of blood to organs and capillary beds

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26
Q

Function of capillaries

A

To link arterioles to venules

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27
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Narrow lumen to squeeze oxygen out of red blood cells, gaps between endothelial cells in capillary wall,

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28
Q

Adaptations of capillaries

A

Narrow diameter so short diffusion distance, thin wall for rapid diffusion, smooth endothelium, large surface area to allow more exchange

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29
Q

Function of veins

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the cells of the body towards the heart

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30
Q

Structure of veins

A

Lots of collagen, little elastic fibre, wide lumen, valves, smooth endothelium, sequence of layers is lumen endothelium elastic muscle tough

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31
Q

Function of venules

A

To link capillaries with veins

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32
Q

Structure of venules

A

Thin walls, little smooth muscle

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33
Q

Disadvantage to structure of veins

A

Low pressure when having to work against gravity

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34
Q

Adaptations to structure of veins

A

Valves, bigger veins run between active muscles, breathing movement during of chest act as a pump

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35
Q

How tissue fluid is formed

A

Plasma proteins in capillaries decrease water potential, water moves into capillaries by oncotic pressure, blood still under pressure due to hydrostatic pressure, hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure so fluid squeezed out of capillaries at the arterial end, fluid fills spaces between cells

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36
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Pressure created by the osmotic effect of solutes

37
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid

38
Q

Differences between composition of blood and tissue fluid

A

No red blood cells, no plasma proteins

39
Q

How tissue fluid gets back into blood vessels

A

Hydrostatic pressure falls, oncotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure, water moves back into the capillaries by osmosis at the venous end

40
Q

Lymph

A

Liquid that leaves the blood vessels and drains into the lymph capillaries

41
Q

Differences between composition of lymph and blood/tissue fluid

A

Less oxygen, fewer nutrients, fatty acids

42
Q

Explanation for the difference in composition between blood and tissue fluid

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells are too large to be pushed out of the capillaries as tissue fluid is formed

43
Q

Explanation for the difference in composition between lymph and blood/tissue fluid

A

Fatty acids come from the vili of the small intestines, oxygen and nutrients have been used up by cells by the time lymph is formed

44
Q

External structure of the heart

A

Made of cardiac muscle, coronary arteries supply cardiac muscle with oxygen and glucose, surrounded by inelastic pericardial membranes

45
Q

Role of inelastic pericardial membranes

A

TO stop the heart over-distening with blood

46
Q

How deoxygenated blood flows through the heart

A

Deoxygenated enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava, tricuspid valve opens, blood goes into right ventricle, tricuspid valve closes, blood enters pulmonary artery

47
Q

How oxygenated blood flows through the heart

A

Enters left atria through pulmonary vein, bicuspid valve opens, blood goes into left ventricle, blood enters the aorta

48
Q

What causes atrioventricular valves to open?

A

Slight pressure builds up

49
Q

When do atrioventricular valves close?

A

When ventricles start to contract

50
Q

How to stop valves from turning inside out

A

Tendinous cords

51
Q

Septum

A

Inner dividing wall of the heart

52
Q

Function of the septum

A

To prevent the mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

53
Q

Events in diastole

A

Heart relaxes, atria and ventricles fill with blood, volume and pressure of blood in the heart increases, pressure in arteries is at a minimum

54
Q

Events in systole

A

Atria contract and the ventricles quickly afterwards, pressure inside heart increases, blood forced out of the heart, volume and pressure of heart decrease, blood pressure in arteries at maximum

55
Q

How aortic pressure changes

A

Rises when ventricles contract as blood forced into the aorta, falls but remains relatively high because of elastic recoil, recoil slightly increases pressure at the start of relaxation

56
Q

How atrial pressure changes

A

Low generally because of thin walls, highest when contracting, drops when atrioventricular valves close, pressure builds as they fill with blood, drops when atrioventricular valves open

57
Q

How ventricular pressure changes

A

Low, increases as ventricles fill with blood, atrioventricular valves close and pressure builds massively as walls contract, pressure rises above that in the aorta, blood forced into aorta, pressure falls

58
Q

How ventricular volume changes

A

Atria contract and it increases, drops as blood forced into the aorta

59
Q

Sequence of valves opening and closing

A

Atrioventricular valves close, semilunar valves open, semilunar valves close, atrioventricular valves open

60
Q

Myogenic

A

Muscle with its own intrinsic rhythm of contraction

61
Q

How heart action is coordinated

A

SAN impulse, atria contract, heartbeat initiates, picked up by AVN, bundle of His stimulated, signal conducted in two parts to apex of the heart, spread of excitation through Purkyne fibres causes ventricles to contract from the apex

62
Q

How does the signal from the SAN not get through to the ventricles?

A

Layer of non-conducting tissue

63
Q

Bundle of His

A

Bundle of conducting tissue made of Purkyne fibres which penetrate through the septum between ventricles

64
Q

Why does contraction start at the ventricles?

A

More efficient emptying of ventricles

65
Q

Why is the AVN delay good?

A

Make sure the atria stop contracting before the ventricles start

66
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heartbeat

67
Q

Normal causes of tachycardia

A

Fear, anger, fever (The worst new emotion in Inside Out 2)

68
Q

Bradycardia

A

Very slow heartbeat

69
Q

Normal cause of bradycardia

A

Fitness

70
Q

Ectopic Heartbeats

A

Extra heartbeats that are outside of the normal rhythm

71
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Rapid electrical impulses in the atria cause fast contraction of the atria so don’t contract properly

72
Q

How haemoglobin transports oxygen

A

Steep concentration gradient between erythrocytes and air in alveoli, oxygen diffuses in and binds with haemoglobin, positive cooperativity, at respiring tissues the concentration of oxygen is lower, diffuses out of erythrocytes

73
Q

Positive cooperativity of haemoglobin

A

Once binded to one oxygen, the haemoglobin will change shape to better be able to bind to another oxygen

74
Q

Axis labels on an oxygen dissociation curve

A

Percentage saturation of oxygen, partial pressure of oxygen

75
Q

Shape of oxygen dissociation curve

A

Sigmoid

76
Q

Explanation for sigmoid shape of oxygen dissociation curve

A

Small changes to partial pressure of surroundings will increase or decrease the percentage saturation very quickly, levels out at highest because reaches maximum saturation

77
Q

Is the binding of oxygen reversible?

A

Yes

78
Q

Bohr Effect

A

As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises, haemoglobin gives up oxygen more easily

79
Q

Importance of the Bohr Effect

A

Gives up oxygen more readily in respiring tissues, oxygen binds to haemoglobin tissues easily in the lungs

80
Q

Difference between maternal and foetal haemoglobin

A

Foetal haemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity

81
Q

Why foetal haemoglobin must have a higher oxygen affinity than maternal haemoglobin

A

Oxygenated maternal blood runs close to deoxygenated foetal blood, there would be no oxygen transferred if same affinities, high affinity allows oxygen to be removed at every point on the curve

82
Q

Ways carbon dioxide is transported

A

Blood plasma, carbaminohaemoglobin, hydrogen carbonate ions

83
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported as carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

Combines with amine groups in the haemoglobin

84
Q

Process of carbon dioxide being transported

A

CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, reaction catalysed in red blood cells by carbonic anhydrase, carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate ions, hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cell, chloride ions diffuse into cell to even out gradient, haemoglobin can be a buffer

85
Q

Chloride shift

A

When negatively charged chloride ions go into the erythrocyte to provide electrical balance

86
Q

How carbon dioxide is released from hydrogen carbonate ions

A

Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse back into red blood cell, react with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid, breakdown into carbon dioxide and water catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide released

87
Q

How the Bohr Effect changes the oxygen dissociation curve

A

Moves it to the right

88
Q

Why does hydrostatic pressure decrease as you move away from the heart?

A

More blood vessels so larger cross sectional area

89
Q

How does the Bohr Effect work?

A

More CO2 leads to more H+ being released, haemoglobin acts as a buffer by mopping up the H+ to form haemoglobinic acid, leads to haemoglobin releasing more O2

Biology: Module 3: Exchange & Transport (6 decks)

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