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Biology: Module 3: Exchange & Transport > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that mean that multicellular animals need transport systems

A

Large size, high metabolic rate, low surface area to volume ratio, rate of diffusion is not enough, large distance between where molecules are produced and where they are needed

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2
Q

Types of circulatory system

A

Single, double, open, closed

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3
Q

Features different circulatory systems have in common

A

Liquid transport medium, vessels that carry the transport medium, of pumping mechanism

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4
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Few blood vessels, haemocoel (Open body cavity), low pressure

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5
Q

Circulatory system in insects

A

Open, haemolymph doesn’t carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, haemolymph transports nitrogenous waste, body cavity split by membrane, heart extends along length of thorax and abdomen

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6
Q

Disadvantages of open circulatory systems

A

No steep diffusion gradients, amount of fluid flowing to a tissue can’t be changed

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7
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in vessels, blood returns directly to the heart, substances leave and enter thro ugh walls of blood vessels

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8
Q

Examples of organisms with closed circulatory systems

A

Echinoderms, cephalopod molluscs, mammals

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9
Q

Single circulatory system

A

When the blood travels once through the heart for each complete circulation of the body

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10
Q

How a single circulatory system works

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through set of capillaries, substances exchanged through other capillaries to organ systems

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11
Q

Disadvantages of single circulatory system

A

Low blood pressure, low speed

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12
Q

Circulatory system in fish

A

Single circulatory system, countercurrent gaseous exchange system, body weight supported by water so can be active without efficiency

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13
Q

Double circulatory system

A

The blood travels twice through the heart for each circuit of the body

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14
Q

Two circuits in the double circulatory system

A

Heart to lungs, heart to body

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15
Q

Advantages of doubl circulatory system

A

High pressure, fast flow of blood

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16
Q

Examples of blood vessels (Types)

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules

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17
Q

Function of arteries

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from th heart to tissues in the body

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18
Q

Structure of arteries

A

Elastic fibres, smooth muscle, collagen, order of layers from smallest to largest is lumen endothelium elastic muscle tough outer

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19
Q

Role of elastin fibres in blood vessels

A

Stretching and recoiling, flexibility

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20
Q

Role of smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

Contracts or relaxes to change the size of the lumen

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21
Q

Role of collagen in the blood vessels

A

To provide structural support, to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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22
Q

Role of endothelium in the blood vessels

A

Smooth so blood flows over it

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23
Q

Function of arterioles

A

To link arteries and capillaries

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24
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

More smooth muscle, less elastin

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25
Why do arterioles constrict and dilate?
To control the flow of blood to organs and capillary beds
26
Function of capillaries
To link arterioles to venules
27
Structure of capillaries
Narrow lumen to squeeze oxygen out of red blood cells, gaps between endothelial cells in capillary wall,
28
Adaptations of capillaries
Narrow diameter so short diffusion distance, thin wall for rapid diffusion, smooth endothelium, large surface area to allow more exchange
29
Function of veins
To carry deoxygenated blood from the cells of the body towards the heart
30
Structure of veins
Lots of collagen, little elastic fibre, wide lumen, valves, smooth endothelium, sequence of layers is lumen endothelium elastic muscle tough
31
Function of venules
To link capillaries with veins
32
Structure of venules
Thin walls, little smooth muscle
33
Disadvantage to structure of veins
Low pressure when having to work against gravity
34
Adaptations to structure of veins
Valves, bigger veins run between active muscles, breathing movement during of chest act as a pump
35
How tissue fluid is formed
Plasma proteins in capillaries decrease water potential, water moves into capillaries by oncotic pressure, blood still under pressure due to hydrostatic pressure, hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure so fluid squeezed out of capillaries at the arterial end, fluid fills spaces between cells
36
Oncotic pressure
Pressure created by the osmotic effect of solutes
37
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by a fluid
38
Differences between composition of blood and tissue fluid
No red blood cells, no plasma proteins
39
How tissue fluid gets back into blood vessels
Hydrostatic pressure falls, oncotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure, water moves back into the capillaries by osmosis at the venous end
40
Lymph
Liquid that leaves the blood vessels and drains into the lymph capillaries
41
Differences between composition of lymph and blood/tissue fluid
Less oxygen, fewer nutrients, fatty acids
42
Explanation for the difference in composition between blood and tissue fluid
Red blood cells and white blood cells are too large to be pushed out of the capillaries as tissue fluid is formed
43
Explanation for the difference in composition between lymph and blood/tissue fluid
Fatty acids come from the vili of the small intestines, oxygen and nutrients have been used up by cells by the time lymph is formed
44
External structure of the heart
Made of cardiac muscle, coronary arteries supply cardiac muscle with oxygen and glucose, surrounded by inelastic pericardial membranes
45
Role of inelastic pericardial membranes
TO stop the heart over-distening with blood
46
How deoxygenated blood flows through the heart
Deoxygenated enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava, tricuspid valve opens, blood goes into right ventricle, tricuspid valve closes, blood enters pulmonary artery
47
How oxygenated blood flows through the heart
Enters left atria through pulmonary vein, bicuspid valve opens, blood goes into left ventricle, blood enters the aorta
48
What causes atrioventricular valves to open?
Slight pressure builds up
49
When do atrioventricular valves close?
When ventricles start to contract
50
How to stop valves from turning inside out
Tendinous cords
51
Septum
Inner dividing wall of the heart
52
Function of the septum
To prevent the mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
53
Events in diastole
Heart relaxes, atria and ventricles fill with blood, volume and pressure of blood in the heart increases, pressure in arteries is at a minimum
54
Events in systole
Atria contract and the ventricles quickly afterwards, pressure inside heart increases, blood forced out of the heart, volume and pressure of heart decrease, blood pressure in arteries at maximum
55
How aortic pressure changes
Rises when ventricles contract as blood forced into the aorta, falls but remains relatively high because of elastic recoil, recoil slightly increases pressure at the start of relaxation
56
How atrial pressure changes
Low generally because of thin walls, highest when contracting, drops when atrioventricular valves close, pressure builds as they fill with blood, drops when atrioventricular valves open
57
How ventricular pressure changes
Low, increases as ventricles fill with blood, atrioventricular valves close and pressure builds massively as walls contract, pressure rises above that in the aorta, blood forced into aorta, pressure falls
58
How ventricular volume changes
Atria contract and it increases, drops as blood forced into the aorta
59
Sequence of valves opening and closing
Atrioventricular valves close, semilunar valves open, semilunar valves close, atrioventricular valves open
60
Myogenic
Muscle with its own intrinsic rhythm of contraction
61
How heart action is coordinated
SAN impulse, atria contract, heartbeat initiates, picked up by AVN, bundle of His stimulated, signal conducted in two parts to apex of the heart, spread of excitation through Purkyne fibres causes ventricles to contract from the apex
62
How does the signal from the SAN not get through to the ventricles?
Layer of non-conducting tissue
63
Bundle of His
Bundle of conducting tissue made of Purkyne fibres which penetrate through the septum between ventricles
64
Why does contraction start at the ventricles?
More efficient emptying of ventricles
65
Why is the AVN delay good?
Make sure the atria stop contracting before the ventricles start
66
Tachycardia
Rapid heartbeat
67
Normal causes of tachycardia
Fear, anger, fever (The worst new emotion in Inside Out 2)
68
Bradycardia
Very slow heartbeat
69
Normal cause of bradycardia
Fitness
70
Ectopic Heartbeats
Extra heartbeats that are outside of the normal rhythm
71
Atrial fibrillation
Rapid electrical impulses in the atria cause fast contraction of the atria so don't contract properly
72
How haemoglobin transports oxygen
Steep concentration gradient between erythrocytes and air in alveoli, oxygen diffuses in and binds with haemoglobin, positive cooperativity, at respiring tissues the concentration of oxygen is lower, diffuses out of erythrocytes
73
Positive cooperativity of haemoglobin
Once binded to one oxygen, the haemoglobin will change shape to better be able to bind to another oxygen
74
Axis labels on an oxygen dissociation curve
Percentage saturation of oxygen, partial pressure of oxygen
75
Shape of oxygen dissociation curve
Sigmoid
76
Explanation for sigmoid shape of oxygen dissociation curve
Small changes to partial pressure of surroundings will increase or decrease the percentage saturation very quickly, levels out at highest because reaches maximum saturation
77
Is the binding of oxygen reversible?
Yes
78
Bohr Effect
As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises, haemoglobin gives up oxygen more easily
79
Importance of the Bohr Effect
Gives up oxygen more readily in respiring tissues, oxygen binds to haemoglobin tissues easily in the lungs
80
Difference between maternal and foetal haemoglobin
Foetal haemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity
81
Why foetal haemoglobin must have a higher oxygen affinity than maternal haemoglobin
Oxygenated maternal blood runs close to deoxygenated foetal blood, there would be no oxygen transferred if same affinities, high affinity allows oxygen to be removed at every point on the curve
82
Ways carbon dioxide is transported
Blood plasma, carbaminohaemoglobin, hydrogen carbonate ions
83
How is carbon dioxide transported as carbaminohaemoglobin?
Combines with amine groups in the haemoglobin
84
Process of carbon dioxide being transported
CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, reaction catalysed in red blood cells by carbonic anhydrase, carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate ions, hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cell, chloride ions diffuse into cell to even out gradient, haemoglobin can be a buffer
85
Chloride shift
When negatively charged chloride ions go into the erythrocyte to provide electrical balance
86
How carbon dioxide is released from hydrogen carbonate ions
Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse back into red blood cell, react with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid, breakdown into carbon dioxide and water catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide released
87
How the Bohr Effect changes the oxygen dissociation curve
Moves it to the right
88
Why does hydrostatic pressure decrease as you move away from the heart?
More blood vessels so larger cross sectional area
89
How does the Bohr Effect work?
More CO2 leads to more H+ being released, haemoglobin acts as a buffer by mopping up the H+ to form haemoglobinic acid, leads to haemoglobin releasing more O2

Biology: Module 3: Exchange & Transport (6 decks)

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