transport in animals Flashcards
How is our circulatory system a mass transport system?
A mass transport system is a way that larger organisms move. These substances are carried together in a liquid e.g. blood and are moved by a mechanism e.g. the heart
what is our circulatory system comprised of?
A liquid medium that circulates
Vessels to carry the transport medium
A pumping mechanism
suggest 3 ways in which the use of embryonic stem cells in research has practical benefits to biological knowledge.
- can be grown into different tissus to test how effective new medicinal drugs are (1)
- can be grown into different tissues to test for toxicity of new drugs (1)
- cell function can be studied to find out what can make it fail to work in certain diseases. (1)
describe what happens to the blood plasma as it moves from the arterial to venous end in capillary. (3)
plasma / fluid, moves out of, capillary / blood ;
enters / forms, tissue fluid ;
(plasma) proteins, remain in capillary / too large to
pass through capillary wall / AW ;
(fluid moves) down pressure gradient ;
hydrostatic pressure greater than, water potential / Ψ;
state how hydrostatic pressure is generated in the heart
contraction of ventricles
state what is meant by the term health
mental and physical well-being
absence of disease ;
Describe the Bohr (effect / shift) (3)
2 reduces affinity (of Hb) for oxygen ;
3 formation of haemoglobinic acid / hydrogen ions interact
with haemoglobin ;
4 prevents, fall in pH / build-up of H
+, in cells
OR provides buffering effect ;
5 alter, structure / shape, of haemoglobin ;
6 more oxygen released where, needed / more
respiration / carbon dioxide concentration high ;
7 CO2 binds to haemoglobin forming
carbaminohaemoglobin ;
Describe how the components of tobacco smoke can affect the cardiovascular system of smokers (7)
- nicotine in tobacco increases stickiness of platelets
- formation of blood clots release adrenaline
- causes constriction of arterioles
- so there is reduced blood flow
- carbon monoxide combines permanently with hemoglobin
- so reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- leading to increased heart rate/ blood pressure
explain how arterioles are better adapted than arteries to allow the blood to flow into an individual organ (3)
1 relaxation of smooth muscle (in arteriole) causes
vasodilation (of the lumen)
2 (this) regulates / controls, blood flow to capillaries (in
the organ)
3 pressure of blood in artery is higher
4 as blood flows from the artery to the arteriole, the
pressure falls
5 (so) capillary (walls) will not rupture
Describe how the RER and golgi apparatus are involved in the production of a secretory vesicle that contains protein (4)
1 provides mechanical strength to the cell
2 holds organelles in place
3 aids transport of, (named) molecules / (named)
organelles (within the cell)
4 cell movement
5 maintains cell, shape / structure / integrity / stability
6 (role in) cell division / cytokinesis / spindle fibres
State one difference between fetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin and give one
reason why this difference is essential to the fetus.
Difference: (fetal haemoglobin) contains 2 gamma sub-units, and 2 alpha. whereas, adult haemoglbin has 2 beta and 2 alpha haemoglobin ;
Reason: creates high(er) affinity for oxygen ;
Suggest why the foramen ovale ( a hole in the septum between the right
and left atria,) is open in the fetus before birth.
lungs not, functioning / filled with air ;
blood / haemoglobin, is, not oxygenated in the lungs /
oxygenated in placenta ;
(therefore) pulmonary circuit / lungs, bypassed ;
what is oxyhemoglobin
a form of hamoglobin when oxygen is binded to it
