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Biology module 3: Exchange and transport > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of an effective transport system

A
  • fluid to carry nutrients, oxygen and waste around the body (blood)
  • exchange surfaces that allow substances to enter and leave blood where its needed (capillaries)
  • a pump to create pressure to push fluid around the body (heart)
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2
Q

Features of an efficient transport system

A
  • vessels to carry blood by mass flow
  • two circuits - one to pick up oxygen and another to deliver it to tissues
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3
Q

Describe the single circulation system in fish

A
  • blood flows through heart once for every circuit of the body
  • heart —> gills —> body —> heart
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4
Q

Describe the double circulation system in mammals

A
  • 2 separate circuits: pulmonary circulation that carries blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and systemic circulation that carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  • blood flows through heart twice for each circuit of the body
  • heart —> body —> heart —> lungs —> heart
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5
Q

Disadvantages of single circulatory system in fish

A
  • blood pressure drops as it passes through capillaries in gills
  • blood has low pressure blood as it flows towards body, won’t flow quickly
  • rate of exchange is limited but fish not as metabolically active as mammals as they don’t regulate their own body temp so need less energy
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6
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system

A
  • the heart can increase the pressure of the blood after it has passed through the lungs so blood is under pressure as it flows quickly to the body
  • systemic circulation carries blood at a higher pressure than pulmonary.
  • faster delivery of oxygen and nutrients (for respiration for energy as they maintain their own body temp) and removal of toxic waste products
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7
Q

What are arteries?

A

vessels that carry blood away from heart

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8
Q

What are arterioles?

A

small blood vessels that distribute blood from artery to capillary

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9
Q

What’s a closed circulatory system?

A

blood held in vessels

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10
Q

What’s an open circulatory system?

A

blood not held in vessels

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11
Q

What are veins?

A

vessels that carry blood back to heart

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12
Q

What are venules?

A

small blood vessels that collect blood from capillary bed and lead into veins

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13
Q

Disadvantages of open circulatory systems?

A
  • low bp and slow blood flow
  • circulation of blood may be affected by body movements or lack of body movements. When movement stops so does blood flow.
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14
Q

Advantages of closed circulatory systems?

A
  • Transport is independent of body movements
  • higher bp, faster blood flow
  • faster delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes
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15
Q

order of layers in walls of artery, vein, venule

A

1) Lumen
2) Endothelium
3) Elastic fibres
4) Smooth muscle
5) Collagen

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16
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A
  • thick walls to withstand high bp
  • narrow lumen to maintain high bp
  • inner wall of lumen folded to allow expansion as blood flow increases
    3 layers:
    1) elastic tissue allows wall to stretch and recoil to maintain bp
    2) middle layer of smooth muscle
    3) outer layer of thick collagen to provide strength to withstand high pressure and recoil to maintain it.
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17
Q

adaptation of arterioles

A
  • smooth muscle which can constrict diameter of lumen to divert blood flow to regions demanding more oxygen
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18
Q

adaptation of capillaries

A
  • narrow lumen which reduces rate of flow and reduces diffusion distance
  • thin walls made of flattened endothelial cells
  • leaky walls so plasma and dissolved substances can leave blood
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19
Q

adaptation of venule

A
  • thin layers of smooth muscle, elastic tissue and collagen
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20
Q

adaptation of veins

A
  • walls not thick due to low bp
  • thinner layers than artery as they don’t need to stretch and recoil and aren’t actively constricted to reduce blood flow
  • valves prevent blood flowing in opposite direction due to low bp
  • thin walls can be flattened by action of skeletal muscle.
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21
Q

What’s hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container (pushes fluid out)

22
Q

What’s oncotic pressure?

A

pressure created by the osmotic effect of solutes (pulls water into)

23
Q

what’s plasma?

A

fluid portion of blood

24
Q

What’s tissue fluid

A

fluid surrounding cells and tissues

25
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  • hormones
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • minerals
  • plasma proteins
  • oxygen, carbon dioxide
26
Q

What does tissue fluid contain?

A
  • doesn’t contain most cells or plasma proteins found in blood.
27
Q

How does tissue fluid form?

A
  • at arteriole end, hydrostatic pressure of blood is higher than oncotic pushing fluid out of capillary through gaps in the walls.
  • RBCs, platelets and most WBCs remain in blood as they’re too large
  • tissue fluid surrounds body cells, exchange of carbon dioxide (into fluid), oxygen (into cells) and nutrients occur.
  • ONCOTIC PRESSURE REMAINS THE SAME BUT HYDROSTATIC CAN BE ABOVE OR BELOW IT
28
Q

How does tissue fluid return to blood?

A
  • at venule end, oncotic pressure of blood is higher than hydrostatic so fluid drawn into venule
  • ONCOTIC PRESSURE REMAINS THE SAME BUT HYDROSTATIC CAN BE ABOVE OR BELOW IT
29
Q

What happens to tissue that doesn’t re-enter blood

A
  • directed to lymphatic system
  • lymphatic system drains excess tissue fluid out of tissues and returns it to blood system in subclavian vein in chest
30
Q

What fluid in lymphatic system called?

A

lymph

31
Q

What does lymph contain more of than tissue fluid?

A

lymphocytes as they’re made in lymph nodes which play an important role in immune response

32
Q

The right side of the heart pumps…

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery

33
Q

The left side of the heart pumps…

A

oxygenated blood to rest of body through aorta

34
Q

type of muscle in heart

A

cardiac muscle

35
Q

What are arteries on surface on heart called?

A

coronary arteries

36
Q

What happens if coronary arteries are constricted?

A
  • reduced delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscle which may cause angina or heart attack
37
Q

What’s the tRicuspid valve also known as?

A

Right atrioventricular valve

38
Q

What’s the bicuspid valve also known as ?

A

left atrioventricular valve

39
Q

Deoxygenated blood comes into heart via…

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

40
Q

Oxygenated blood comes into heart via…

A

pulmonary vein

41
Q

which valves are at base of major arteries?

A

semilunar valves which prevent blood returning to heart after ventricles relax

42
Q

Function of tendinous cords attached to atrio-ventricular valves?

A

prevent valves turning inside out when ventricle walls contract

43
Q

Why are walls of atria thin?

A
  • don’t need to create much pressure
44
Q

Why are the walls of the right ventricle thicker than atria walls?

A
  • enables pumping of blood out of heart
  • if pressure is too high, alveoli damaged
45
Q

Why is left ventricle thicker than right?

A
  • blood pumped needs sufficient pressure to overcome resistance of systemic circulation
46
Q

structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • fibres that branch producing cross-bridges (help squeezing action)
  • many mitochondria between myofibrils for energy for contraction
  • muscle cells separated by intercalated discs which facilitates synchronised contraction
  • each cell is divided into contractile units - sarcomeres
47
Q

State the stages in the heart cycle

A

1) atrial systole
2) ventricular systole
3) diastole

48
Q

Action of valves

A
  • open if pressure behind them is higher
  • close if pressure behind them is lower
  • when AVV open after atrial systole, valves remain open and blood flows through atria and into ventricles
  • AVV close when atria relax
49
Q

how is cardiac muscle myogenic?

A

can initiate its own contraction

50
Q

define fibrillation?

A

uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles

Biology module 3: Exchange and transport (3 decks)

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