Transport in Animals

Question 1

What is the function of the septum?

Answer 1

It separates the two sides of the heart and so prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 2

How can you measure heart rate?

Answer 2

ECG (electrocardiogram) , measuring pulse rate or listening to the sounds of valves closing

Question 3

Why does your heart rate increase during exercise?

Answer 3

So that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with enough nutrients and oxygen for increased respiration and removes waste products at a faster rate.

Question 4

Why does your heart continue working at a faster rate after exercise?

Answer 4

To ensure that all excess waste products are removed from muscle cells; it is likely that your cells have been respiring anaerobically so extra oxygen is used to break down the lactic acid.

Question 5

What is the heart made of?

Answer 5

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Question 6

What happens in CHD?

Answer 6

If a coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked plaques, the arteries are not as elastic as they should be and therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through them. When a cholesterol plaque in the coronary artery bursts, the platelets begin to clot inside the artery which prevents the other blood components from flowing

Question 7

What factors can increase the chances of Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 7

Poor diet, Lack of exercise, Stress, Smoking, Genetic predisposition, Age and Gender

Question 8

How does a poor diet increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 8

Eating more saturated fat increases cholesterol levels, increasing the chance of the buildup of fatty plaques

Question 9

How does lack of exercise increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 9

Being inactive can lead to cholesterol building up in the arteries as active people have lower blood pressure which means that blood flow would not increase to a level where plaques can burst.

Question 10

How does stress increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 10

When under stress, hormones produced can increase blood pressure, increasing the chance of blockage in the coronary arteries

Question 11

How does smoking increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 11

Nicotine in cigarettes will cause blood vessels to become narrower, increasing the blood pressure which will cause the buildup of fat globules; if this occurs in the coronary artery, it will increase the likelihood of coronary heart disease

Question 12

How does genetic predisposition increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 12

People with a history of coronary heart disease in their family are more likely to develop it themselves

Question 13

How does age affect the risk of CHD?

Answer 13

The risk of getting coronary heart disease increases as you get older as more cholesterol is built up in the arteries

Question 14

How does gender affect the risk of CHD?

Answer 14

Males are more likely to develop coronary heart disease than females.

Question 15

How can CHD be treated?

Answer 15

Aspirin can be taken daily to reduce the risk of blood clots forming in arteries; Angioplasty; Coronary bypass surgery

Question 16

What is angioplasty?

Answer 16

A narrow catheter (tube) is threaded through the groin up to the blocked vessel. A tiny balloon inserted into the catheter is pushed up to the blocked vessel and then inflated. This flattens the plaque against the wall of the artery, clearing the blockage. To keep the artery clear, a stent is also inserted which pushes against the wall of the artery. Sometimes the stent is coated with a drug that slowly releases medication to prevent further build-up of plaque

Question 17

What is coronary bypass surgery?

Answer 17

A piece of blood vessel is taken from the patient’s leg, arm, or chest and used to create a new passage for the flow of blood to the cardiac muscle, bypassing the blocked area.

Question 18

Adaptations of arteries

Answer 18

Elastic fibres that recoil after each heart pump, which helps push blood forward; muscle fibres are able to contract and change the size of the lumen

Question 19

What cells are capillaries made of?

Answer 19

Endothelial cells

Question 20

Adaptations of cappilaries?

Answer 20

Has ‘leaky’ walls so that blood plasma can leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells

Question 21

What are the renal arteries/veins?

Answer 21

Carry blood away from the heart to your kidneys/Carries the deoxygenated bloods from the kidney to the inferior vena cava

Question 22

What are the hepatic artery/vein/portal vein?

Answer 22

carries oxygenated blood to the liver from the heart/ carries deoxygenated blood from the liver via the inferior vena cava to the heart/ carries blood rich in nutrients, waste products, and toxins from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver

Question 23

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 23

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

Question 24

What are phagocytes?

Answer 24

White blood cells that carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

Question 25

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 25

They produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells and antitoxins to neutralise toxins released by pathogens

Question 26

What does the plasma carry?

Answer 26

carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients), urea, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy

Question 27

What happens during blood clotting?

Answer 27

Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot. The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering