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OCR A-level Biology > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do animals need a transport system?

A

The need to supply cells with oxygen

Remove waste products

They are too large to perform these actions by simple diffusion (SA : V)

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence the need for a transport system?

A

Size

Surface area to volume ratio

Level of metabolic activity

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3
Q

How does size affect the need for a transport system?

A

If an organism is large the pathway for diffusion to their cells becomes too large

Therefore a transport system is required to supply cells with oxygen and to remove waste

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4
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio affect the need for a transport system?

A

When an organism has a low surface area to volume ratio the rate of diffusion is slow

Therefore it would take too long for oxygen to diffuse into the cells and so a transport system is required

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5
Q

How does the level of metabolic activity affect the need for a transport system?

A

Metabolic activity requires energy

Energy is produced in respiration

Aerobic respiration requires a lot of oxygen

Highly active organisms require lots of oxygen and thus need a transport system to provide it

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6
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

Where the blood flows through the hear once per circuit of the body

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7
Q

Give an example of a type of animal with a single circulatory system

A

Fish

Heart -> Gills -> Body -> Heart

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8
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

Where there are two different circuits performing different roles

One takes blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen

The other takes this oxygenated blood the working muscles

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9
Q

Describe the route of blood in a double circulatory system

A

Heart -> Lungs -> Heart -> Body -> Heart

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10
Q

What are the names of the two circuits in humans?

A

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic circuit

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11
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A

Can deliver the nutrients more quickly

The heart is able to increase the pressure of the blood after it has passed through the lungs so damage isn’t caused to delicate capillaries

Can remove waste products more efficiently

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12
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Where the blood is not always held in blood vessels

Instead the blood can flow freely through the body cavity

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of open circulatory systems?

A

Blood pressure is low and blood flow is slow

Circulation of blood may be affected by movement or lack of movement

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14
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Where blood flows in specialised blood vessels

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15
Q

What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system?

A

High pressure so blood moves quickly

More rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients

More rapid removal of CO2 and waste

Transport is unaffected by body movements

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16
Q

What is the name of the thin single cell layer on the inside of blood blood vessels?

A

Endothelium

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17
Q

Describe and explain the differences in structure between veins and arteries

A

Arteries have thick layer of smooth muscle and thick layers of collagen whereas veins have thinner layers of smooth muscle and collagen

Arteries have a narrow lumen to maintain high blood pressure whereas veins have a wider lumen to allow ease of flow

Veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood because the blood is maintained at a lower pressure. Arteries don’t need this as the blood is much higher in pressure

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18
Q

What are the names of the 3 layers of an artery?

A

Tunica intima - a thin layer of elastic tissue

Tunica media - thick layer of smooth muscle

Tunica adventitia - Thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue

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19
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries?

A

Very narrow lumen - helps oxygen transfer as it reduces the diffusion distance

Very thin walls - consist of 1 layer of flattened endothelium, reduces diffusion distance

Walls are leaky - allows blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave the blood

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20
Q

What does blood plasma contain?

A 
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Mineral ions
Glucose
Amino acids
Hormones
Clotting Factors

RBC’s
WBC’s (leucocytes)

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21
Q

What is tissue fluid made of and how is it formed?

A

Similar to plasma but without any blood cells in it

Formed by plasma leaking out of the capillaries

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22
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure pushing out on the walls of a blood vessel from the blood inside

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23
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The pressure from water trying to move into the blood vessel due to solute concentrations inside

Oncotic pressure opposes hydrostatic pressure

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24
Q

What’s the function of the lymphatic system?

A

To drain excess tissue fluid out of the tissues and return it to the blood

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25
Q

How does the composition of lymph fluid differ to tissue fluid?

A

Lymph fluid contains more lymphocytes

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26
Q

Where are the lymphocytes in lymph fluid produced?

A

In the lymph nodes

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27
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary bed what is higher; hydrostatic pressure or oncotic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

28
Q

At the venous end of a capillary bed what is higher; hydrostatic pressure or oncotic pressure?

A

Oncotic pressure

29
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

To supply oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle

30
Q

Which vessel delivers deoxygenated blood from the body to the hear?

A

Vena Cava

31
Q

Which vessel delivers Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

32
Q

Which vessel delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

33
Q

Which vessel delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

34
Q

Which chamber does blood from the vena cava flow into?

A

Right atrium

35
Q

Which chamber does blood from the pulmonary vein flow into?

A

Left atrium

36
Q

What are there names of the valves which separate the atria and the ventricles

A

Atrio-ventricular valves

37
Q

What chamber does the pulmonary artery take blood from?

A

Right Ventricle

38
Q

What chamber does the Aorta take blood from?

A

Left Ventricle

39
Q

What valves are found at the base of the arteries leaving the heart?

A

Semilunar valves

40
Q

What is systole?

A

When the ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart

41
Q

What is diastole?

A

After systole the ventricles and atria relax and the heart fill back up with blood

42
Q

Where is the Sino-atrial node located?

A

In the right atrium

43
Q

What is the role of Sino-atrial node (SAN)?

A

To act as the pacemaker by initiating a wave of excitation in the heart

44
Q

Why does the bottom wall of the atria not conduct the wave of excitation but the side walls do?

A

To prevent the wave of excitation spreading to the ventricular walls too quickly which would cause an unsynchronised contraction

45
Q

What is the name of the area by which the wave of excitation is able to pass from the atria to the ventricles?

A

The atrio-ventricular node (AVN)

46
Q

Why does the atrio-ventricular node delay the wave of excitation?

A

To ensure that the ventricles don’t contract too soon

This would cause an unsynchronised heartbeat leading to back-flow

47
Q

What is the name of the tissue in the septum which carries the wave of excitation?

A

Purkyne tissue

48
Q

What is the name of the graph showing electrical activity in the heart?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

49
Q

In an ECG, what does the P wave represent?

A

Excitation of the atria (atrial systole)

50
Q

In an ECG, what does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular systole

51
Q

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

A

Diastole

52
Q

What is the name of the condition where someones heart rate is slower than normal?

A

Bradycardia

53
Q

What is the name of the condition where someones heart rate is faster than normal?

A

Tachycardia

54
Q

What is the name of the condition where someones heart rate is beating at irregular intervals?

A

Ectopic heartbeat

55
Q

What would an ECG of a patient with atrial fibrillation look like?

A

No clear P wave (atrial systole)

56
Q

What protein carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

57
Q

What gives haemoglobin its affinity for oxygen?

A

Fe2+ Prosthetic group

58
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can be carried per molecule of Haemoglobin?

A

4

59
Q

Describe the shape of the line on a graph showing saturation at different partial pressures of oxygen

A

Starts low and rises steeply as oxygen enters haemoglobin easily

As saturations reaches 100% the curve flattens off as it becomes harder to add oxygen against a concentration gradient

60
Q

Compare the haemoglobin dissociation curves of adult and feral haemoglobin

A

Fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity than adult haemoglobin

so fetal haemoglobin increases slightly quicker than adult haemoglobin

Still has the same S-shape

61
Q

How is a majority of carbon dioxide transported in the body?

A

Hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3^-)

62
Q

Describe the formation of hydrogencarbonate ions

A

CO2 combine with water to form Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+

63
Q

What is the name of the enzyme which catalyses the reaction between water and CO2 to form carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

64
Q

What is the Chloride shift?

A

The movement of Cl- ions into the red blood cell as HCO3- ions move out

Aims to maintain a constant charge inside the cell

65
Q

What is formed inside the red blood cell to prevent a build of of H+ ions (which could cause pH change)?

A

Haemoglobinic acid

66
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Describes the effect of CO2 concentration on the ability of haemoglobin to take up oxygen

At higher CO2 concentrations uptake is less effective

67
Q

Why does the Bohr effect occur?

A

When CO2 combines with water in RBC’s it forms carbonic acid

Carbonic acid dissociates to form H+ ions which lowers pH

this causes change in the shape of haemoglobin so it is less effective at holding oxygen

OCR A-level Biology (24 decks)

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