Transport in Animals

Question 1

what does the circulatory system facilitate

Answer 1

the transport and exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic waste products.

Question 2

Describe the 3 functions of circulation.

Answer 2

1. Intake of nutrients and respiratory gases from the intestines and lungs
2. Transport of these materials to the body cells
3. Return of harmful by-products to excretory organs f or removal from the body

Question 3

What is haemolymph/

Answer 3

A circulatory fluid containing nutrients, water, salts and oxygen.

Question 4

Describe the process of an open circulatory system

Answer 4

Haemolymph pumped through short, open vessels by a heart into a cavity called the haemocoel. Haemolymph is then drawn back toward the heart through ostia (open ended pores)

Question 5

what is the haemocoel in an open circulatory system?

Answer 5

a cavity where nutrients and oxygen diffuse freely into body cellls

Question 6

Describe the process of a closed circulatory system

Answer 6

blood is pumped through closed vessels by a heart. nutrients and oxygen diffuse out of capillaries and into body cells. deoxygenated blood is transported back to the heart in closed blood vessels.

Question 7

What is a single circulation system

Answer 7

blood passes through the heart once - it is pumped through gill capillaries and systemic capillaries in organs and tissues.

Question 8

what is a double circulation system?

Answer 8

blood passes through the heart twice. deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary circuit, and oxygenated blood is pumped in the systemic circuit.

Question 9

What is blood made of?

Answer 9

plasma (55%)
white blood cells and platelets (4%)
red blood cells (41%)

Question 10

What is haemoglobin and where is it stored?

Answer 10

stored in the red blood cells(250 million in one RBC), it transports oxygen to body cells.

Question 11

Describe the three types of blood vessels.

Answer 11

artery - transports blood from the heart to the organs
vein - transports blood from the organs to the heart
capillary - exchanges nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste materials with body cells and extracellular fluids.

Question 12

Describe the tissue composition of the three blood vessels.

Answer 12

arteries - thick muscle and connective tissue, thin epithelial.
vein - thin muscle, connective, and epithelial tissue.
capillary - only made of thin epithelial tissue.

Question 13

What is the endothelium?

Answer 13

A thin layer of epithelial tissue in all blood cells. It produces substances that promote smooth blood flow through a vessel.

Question 14

Why are muscle and connective tissues thicker in arteries?

Answer 14

They transport blood under higher pressure from the heart to the organs and tissues.

Question 15

How is the heart divided?

Answer 15

into the left and right heart, which is subdivided into the two chambers: atrium (upper) and ventricle (lower)

Question 16

What is the upper heart chamber called?

Answer 16

atrium

Question 17

What is the lower heart chamber called?

Answer 17

ventricle

Question 18

What do the atria do?

Answer 18

receive blood entering the heart from lungs and other organs

Question 19

What do the ventricles do?

Answer 19

pump blood out of the heart to the organs

Question 20

How does the heart make the pumping action?

Answer 20

alternate contractions and relaxations of the muscle tissue that are stimulated by electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node.

Question 21

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

Answer 21

the muscle of the right atrium

Question 22

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

Answer 22

the junction of the two atria

Question 23

What are the names of the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 23

1. Diastole
2. Atrial Systole
3. Ventricular systole

Question 24

Describe the stage of Diastole.

Answer 24

1. The atria start to fill with blood.
2. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Question 25

Describe the stage of atrial systole.

Answer 25

3. An impulse from the sinoatrial node causes the two atria to contract, forcing blood into the ventricles through the open mitral (left) and tricuspid (right) valve.
4. the mitral and tricuspid valves then close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria.

Question 26

Describe the stage of ventricular systole.

Answer 26

5. an impulse from the atrioventricular node causes the two ventricles to contract forcing blood into the pulmonary artery (right) and aorta (left) through the open pulmonary and aortic valves.
6. The pulmonary and aortic valves then close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Question 27

What are lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 27

They are tiny vessels located between tissue cells that drain and process tissue fluid. Generally speaking, they take larger molecules (like fats) that are too big to be transported in the blood.

Question 28

What is lymph?

Answer 28

where tissue combines with white blood cells inside lymphatic capillaries.

Question 29

What is the role of endothelial cells in the lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 29

The endothelial cells can separate or become closer depending on if the pressure outside the lymphatic capillary is greater or lower.