transport Flashcards
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
plasma 8%,
blood proteins 20%,
bicarbonate ions 80%
What factors influence the O2 curve to shift to the right?
ph
, temperature,
2.3 dpg
,PCO2
Define histotoxic hypoxia and name 1 example
when the body cells are unable to use the O2 even though there is adequate amounts delivered. eg cyanide poisioning
Complete the following equation
?⇔?⇔h2co3⇔?⇔?
co2+h2o⇔h2co3⇔h+ +hco3
What are the 2 groups of neurons critically important in respiration and where are they located?
dorsal resiratory group and ventral respiratory groups. located in the medulla
What reflex prevents excessive streching of the lungs?
Hering -Bauer reflex
Name 3 factors that affect the movement of o2 and co2 across the respiratory membrane?
1: partial pressure gradient and gas solubilities
2: matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion
3: structural charecteristics of the respiratory membrane
Hypoxaemia is the most life-threatening facet of respiratory failuire. The goal of treatment is to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues which is generally achieved with a PaO2 of a least ?kpa ,?mmhg and a SPO2 of a least ? %
PaO2 of a least 8.0 kpa,
60mmHg
SPO2 of a least 94%
True or false.
Passageways servicing areas where alveolar CO2 levels are high constrict while those serving areas where PCO2 is low dilate?
FALSE
What is the normal time frame for perfusion to take place?
0.75 seconds
What is normal values for blood gases?
ph - 7.35 - 7.45
po2 - 80 - 100mmHg
pco2 - 35 - 45 mmHg
hco3 - 22 - 28mEq/l
What is the differences between internal and external respiration?
external is between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries and internal is between the capillary rbc and the tissue cells
What is the o2 flux equation?
Do O2 = co x hb x sats x 1.3
True or false?
Nitric oxide(NO), secreted by lung and vascular endotehelial cells, is a well known vasodilator that plays an important role in bloodpressure regulation.
True
Complete the following.
Periperhal chemoreceptors are located in the ? and ? and central chemoreceptors are located bilaterally in the ventrolateral ?
Carotid and aortic bodies and ventrolateral medulla
What are the 3 main factors of control of respiration?
Voluntary
Nervous
Chemical
True or false?
Hypocapnia causes cerebral blood vessels to constrict, reducing brain perfusion and producing cerebral ischemia
True
Name 4 modified types of respiration
Cough
Hiccup
Sneeze
Sigh
Define eupnea
Normal respiratory rate and rhythm
True or false?
The most important role of pontine respiratory group is to increase the breathing rate and depth and increase lung inflation
False.
PRG is to fine- tune the breathing rhythm and prevent lung overinflation
True of false.
PNC and APC are located in the medulla oblongata and DRG and VRG is located in pons
False
What factors decreases the surface area for gas exchange?
Emphysema
Tubercolosis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary oedema
Atelactisis
What factors reduce the capacity of blood to transport oxygen?
Anemias
hb alterations
Carbon monoxide poisioning
What factors reduce compliance of the lungs and thoracic wall?
Chronic pulmonary hypertension
Connective tissue diseases
Lung cancer,infections(pnreuminia,tb)
Interstial lung diseases
True or false?
CO poisoning is particularly dangerous because it does not produce the characteristic signs of hypoxia- cyanosis and respiratory distress.
True
True or false?
CO2 is poorly soluble in water, so only about1.5% of CO2 transported is carried in the dissolved form and most is chemically bound to hemoglobin
False
What factors affect the respiratory drive?
Head injuries
Cns depressants
What would influence alveolar minute ventilation more?
Breathing depth or frequancy?
Breathing depth
Increase tidal volume
True or false?
If carbon dioxide levels are low (resulting in a rise in pH in capillary blood), the oxygen affinity for hemoglobin is increased
True
True or false?
CO2 is poorly soluble in water so only about 1.5% is transported in the dissolved form. The rest of the CO2 is chemically bound to heamoglobin.
False
