transport

Question 1

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

Answer 1

plasma 8%,

blood proteins 20%,

bicarbonate ions 80%

Question 2

What factors influence the O2 curve to shift to the right?

Answer 2

ph

, temperature,

2.3 dpg

,PCO2

Question 3

Define histotoxic hypoxia and name 1 example

Answer 3

when the body cells are unable to use the O2 even though there is adequate amounts delivered. eg cyanide poisioning

Question 4

Complete the following equation

?⇔?⇔h2co3⇔?⇔?

Answer 4

co2+h2o⇔h2co3⇔h+ +hco3

Question 5

What are the 2 groups of neurons critically important in respiration and where are they located?

Answer 5

dorsal resiratory group and ventral respiratory groups. located in the medulla

Question 6

What reflex prevents excessive streching of the lungs?

Answer 6

Hering -Bauer reflex

Question 7

Name 3 factors that affect the movement of o2 and co2 across the respiratory membrane?

Answer 7

1: partial pressure gradient and gas solubilities
2: matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion
3: structural charecteristics of the respiratory membrane

Question 8

Hypoxaemia is the most life-threatening facet of respiratory failuire. The goal of treatment is to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues which is generally achieved with a PaO2 of a least ?kpa ,?mmhg and a SPO2 of a least ? %

Answer 8

PaO2 of a least 8.0 kpa,

60mmHg

SPO2 of a least 94%

Question 9

True or false.

Passageways servicing areas where alveolar CO2 levels are high constrict while those serving areas where PCO2 is low dilate?

Answer 9

FALSE

Question 10

What is the normal time frame for perfusion to take place?

Answer 10

0.75 seconds

Question 11

What is normal values for blood gases?

Answer 11

ph - 7.35 - 7.45

po2 - 80 - 100mmHg

pco2 - 35 - 45 mmHg

hco3 - 22 - 28mEq/l

Question 12

What is the differences between internal and external respiration?

Answer 12

external is between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries and internal is between the capillary rbc and the tissue cells

Question 13

What is the o2 flux equation?

Answer 13

Do O2 = co x hb x sats x 1.3

Question 14

True or false?

Nitric oxide(NO), secreted by lung and vascular endotehelial cells, is a well known vasodilator that plays an important role in bloodpressure regulation.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Complete the following.

Periperhal chemoreceptors are located in the ? and ? and central chemoreceptors are located bilaterally in the ventrolateral ?

Answer 15

Carotid and aortic bodies and ventrolateral medulla

Question 16

What are the 3 main factors of control of respiration?

Answer 16

Voluntary

Nervous

Chemical

Question 17

True or false?

Hypocapnia causes cerebral blood vessels to constrict, reducing brain perfusion and producing cerebral ischemia

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Name 4 modified types of respiration

Answer 18

Cough

Hiccup

Sneeze

Sigh

Question 19

Define eupnea

Answer 19

Normal respiratory rate and rhythm

Question 20

True or false?

The most important role of pontine respiratory group is to increase the breathing rate and depth and increase lung inflation

Answer 20

False.

PRG is to fine- tune the breathing rhythm and prevent lung overinflation

Question 21

True of false.

PNC and APC are located in the medulla oblongata and DRG and VRG is located in pons

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What factors decreases the surface area for gas exchange?

Answer 22

Emphysema

Tubercolosis

Pneumonia

Pulmonary oedema

Atelactisis

Question 23

What factors reduce the capacity of blood to transport oxygen?

Answer 23

Anemias

hb alterations

Carbon monoxide poisioning

Question 24

What factors reduce compliance of the lungs and thoracic wall?

Answer 24

Chronic pulmonary hypertension

Connective tissue diseases

Lung cancer,infections(pnreuminia,tb)

Interstial lung diseases

Question 25

True or false?

CO poisoning is particularly dangerous because it does not produce the characteristic signs of hypoxia- cyanosis and respiratory distress.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or false?

CO2 is poorly soluble in water, so only about1.5% of CO2 transported is carried in the dissolved form and most is chemically bound to hemoglobin

Answer 26

False

Question 27

What factors affect the respiratory drive?

Answer 27

Head injuries

Cns depressants

Question 28

What would influence alveolar minute ventilation more?

Breathing depth or frequancy?

Answer 28

Breathing depth

Increase tidal volume

Question 29

True or false?

If carbon dioxide levels are low (resulting in a rise in pH in capillary blood), the oxygen affinity for hemoglobin is increased

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or false?

CO2 is poorly soluble in water so only about 1.5% is transported in the dissolved form. The rest of the CO2 is chemically bound to heamoglobin.

Answer 30

False