transport Flashcards

1
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

plasma 8%,

blood proteins 20%,

bicarbonate ions 80%

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2
Q

What factors influence the O2 curve to shift to the right?

A

ph

, temperature,

2.3 dpg

,PCO2

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3
Q

Define histotoxic hypoxia and name 1 example

A

when the body cells are unable to use the O2 even though there is adequate amounts delivered. eg cyanide poisioning

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4
Q

Complete the following equation

?⇔?⇔h2co3⇔?⇔?

A

co2+h2o⇔h2co3⇔h+ +hco3

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5
Q

What are the 2 groups of neurons critically important in respiration and where are they located?

A

dorsal resiratory group and ventral respiratory groups. located in the medulla

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6
Q

What reflex prevents excessive streching of the lungs?

A

Hering -Bauer reflex

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7
Q

Name 3 factors that affect the movement of o2 and co2 across the respiratory membrane?

A

1: partial pressure gradient and gas solubilities
2: matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion
3: structural charecteristics of the respiratory membrane

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8
Q

Hypoxaemia is the most life-threatening facet of respiratory failuire. The goal of treatment is to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues which is generally achieved with a PaO2 of a least ?kpa ,?mmhg and a SPO2 of a least ? %

A

PaO2 of a least 8.0 kpa,

60mmHg

SPO2 of a least 94%

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9
Q

True or false.

Passageways servicing areas where alveolar CO2 levels are high constrict while those serving areas where PCO2 is low dilate?

A

FALSE

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10
Q

What is the normal time frame for perfusion to take place?

A

0.75 seconds

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11
Q

What is normal values for blood gases?

A

ph - 7.35 - 7.45

po2 - 80 - 100mmHg

pco2 - 35 - 45 mmHg

hco3 - 22 - 28mEq/l

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12
Q

What is the differences between internal and external respiration?

A

external is between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries and internal is between the capillary rbc and the tissue cells

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13
Q

What is the o2 flux equation?

A

Do O2 = co x hb x sats x 1.3

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14
Q

True or false?

Nitric oxide(NO), secreted by lung and vascular endotehelial cells, is a well known vasodilator that plays an important role in bloodpressure regulation.

A

True

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15
Q

Complete the following.

Periperhal chemoreceptors are located in the ? and ? and central chemoreceptors are located bilaterally in the ventrolateral ?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies and ventrolateral medulla

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16
Q

What are the 3 main factors of control of respiration?

A

Voluntary

Nervous

Chemical

17
Q

True or false?

Hypocapnia causes cerebral blood vessels to constrict, reducing brain perfusion and producing cerebral ischemia

18
Q

Name 4 modified types of respiration

A

Cough

Hiccup

Sneeze

Sigh

19
Q

Define eupnea

A

Normal respiratory rate and rhythm

20
Q

True or false?

The most important role of pontine respiratory group is to increase the breathing rate and depth and increase lung inflation

A

False.

PRG is to fine- tune the breathing rhythm and prevent lung overinflation

21
Q

True of false.

PNC and APC are located in the medulla oblongata and DRG and VRG is located in pons

22
Q

What factors decreases the surface area for gas exchange?

A

Emphysema

Tubercolosis

Pneumonia

Pulmonary oedema

Atelactisis

23
Q

What factors reduce the capacity of blood to transport oxygen?

A

Anemias

hb alterations

Carbon monoxide poisioning

24
Q

What factors reduce compliance of the lungs and thoracic wall?

A

Chronic pulmonary hypertension

Connective tissue diseases

Lung cancer,infections(pnreuminia,tb)

Interstial lung diseases

25
True or false? CO poisoning is particularly dangerous because it does not produce the characteristic signs of hypoxia- cyanosis and respiratory distress.
True
26
True or false? CO2 is poorly soluble in water, so only about1.5% of CO2 transported is carried in the dissolved form and most is chemically bound to hemoglobin
False
27
What factors affect the respiratory drive?
Head injuries Cns depressants
28
What would influence alveolar minute ventilation more? Breathing depth or frequancy?
Breathing depth Increase tidal volume
29
True or false? If carbon dioxide levels are low (resulting in a rise in pH in capillary blood), the oxygen affinity for hemoglobin is increased
True
30
True or false? CO2 is poorly soluble in water so only about 1.5% is transported in the dissolved form. The rest of the CO2 is chemically bound to heamoglobin.
False
31