Transplantation Immunology II

Question 1

A new era of transplantation and immunosuppression was opened up by the discovery of the specific anti-lymphocyte effects of ___________ in 1978.

Answer 1

Cyclosporine A (CsA)

Question 2

In 1981, it reported the successful use of ______, anti-CD3 monoclonal Ab (mAb), against T-cell subsets for treatment in renal allograft rejection.

Answer 2

OKT3

Question 3

In 1989, high immunosuppressive potential of _______ in reversing acute rejection was demonstrated.

Answer 3

Tacrolimus

Question 4

__________ drugs are used for the prevention or treatment of rejection after transplantation.

Answer 4

Immunosuppressive

Question 5

Primary goals of immunosuppression are:

– To effectively control immune responses against graft _____

– To minimize drugs’ side effects and toxicities

Answer 5

Ags

Question 6

Patients on immunosuppressive drugs are more prone to opportunistic infections and have a raised incidence of ________.

Answer 6

Malignancy

Question 7

This immunosuppressive drug is anti-inflammatory.

Answer 7

Steroid

Question 8

These immunosuppressive drugs inhibits IL-2 gene transcription.

Answer 8

Cyclosporin A

Tacrolimus

Question 9

This immunosuppressive drug activates T-cells, opsonization, depletion, and inhibits IL-2 function.

Answer 9

Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody

Question 10

This immunosuppressive drug inhibits cytokine-mediated signal.

Answer 10

Sirolimus

Question 11

Prednisone and methylprednisolone are anti-inflammatory __________.

Answer 11

Glucocorticosteroids

Question 12

Corticosteroids mode of action:

• • Inhibition of _______ proliferation
• • Transcriptional inhibition of pro-inflammatory genes
• • Induction of _______ apoptosis

Answer 12

T-cell

Lymphocyte

Question 13

Corticosteroids are used clinically for treatment of transplant ________.

Answer 13

Rejection

Question 14

______ is an anti-CD3 mouse IgG2a mAb.

Answer 14

OKT3

Question 15

OKT3 blocks the function of the ______ molecule in the membrane of human T cells.

Answer 15

CD3

Question 16

OKT3 is used clinically for induction therapy, and treatment of acute or _______-resistant rejection.

Answer 16

Steroid

Question 17

OKT3 is effective in _________ and treatment of allograft rejection in all types of solid organ transplants.

Answer 17

Prophylaxis

Question 18

T/F. Therapeutic T-cell-specific monoclonal antibodies act through four mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

The mechanisms of OKT3 action are…

Answer 19

Coating
Depletion
TCR down-modulation
Cell signaling

Question 20

This is a peptide isolated from the fungus species.

Answer 20

CsA (Cyclosporine A)

Question 21

CsA inhibits the ________-dependent pathway of T-cell activation.

Answer 21

Calcium

Question 22

In cells, CsA forms a complex CsA-________-_______-_______. The complex inhibits the translocation of the _______ into the nucleus.

Answer 22

Cyclophilin-calmodulin-calcineurin

NFATc (Nuclear factor of activated T cells)

Question 23

_____ transcriptionally inhibits production of cytokines IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, interferon-gamma, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF.

Answer 23

CsA

Question 24

CsA is used for induction and maintenance immunoprophylaxis as a basis component of most immunosuppressive protocols in all types of organ ________.

Answer 24

Transplants

Question 25

This is a macrolide lactone isolated from Streptomyces spp.

Answer 25

Tacrolimus

Question 26

Tacrolimus inhibits the _______-dependent pathway of T-cell activation. Similar to CsA, tacrolimus forms a complex. This complex inhibits the translocation of ________ to the nucleus. This inhibits transcription of IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-y, TNF-a, and GM-CSF.

Answer 26

Calcium

NFATc

Question 27

________ is used clinically in all types of organ transplants for induction and maintenance immunoprophylaxis and treatment of acute rejection.

Answer 27

Tacrolimus