Transnational processes Flashcards
What impact did strict contraception laws during colonial eras in Africa have?
reinforced values that discouraged contraceptive use, which persists even after liberalization of these laws
How did Christian missions contribute to anti-LGBTQ attitudes in Africa?
- spread anti-LGBTQ rhetoric which affects attitudes today
- Formal criminalisation of same-sex relationships common across African countries
What role did colonization play in the concept of heterosexuality?
framed non-European systems of gender, sex, and sexuality as inferior, aligning dichotomous sex with binary gender roles in a racialized and classed heterosexual matrix.
How did British colonization impact LGBTQ acceptance in India?
- imposed Judaeo-Christian ideas about gender and sexuality, disrupting traditional acceptance of third-gender individuals and same-sex love.
- hijiras” who don’t fit into categories of man or woman
How do authoritarian leaders scapegoat LGBTQ individuals?
By framing LGBTQ identities as Western imports, they divert attention from corruption and inequality while fueling existing prejudices.
What challenges do LGBTQ refugees in Kenya face?
face exclusion from government services, denial of asylum, and discrimination in housing, healthcare, and employment
What laws targeting LGBTQ individuals were passed in Uganda in 2023?
Harsher laws including the death penalty for LGBTQ individuals.
How did colonial influence alter Middle Eastern views on homosexuality?
- Initially condemned by European cultural morals (19th)
- later became viewed as part of a Western cultural onslaught against Middle Eastern authenticity.
- Partly a response to observation that west was becoming more accepting towards homosexuality
How do families in Iraq and Egypt participate in LGBTQ discrimination?
- By reprimanding feminine behavior in men
- reporting LGBTQ loved ones to authorities
- perpetuating violence
What tactics do Egyptian police use to target LGBTQ individuals?
- impersonate users on dating apps
- conflate LGBTQ identities with sex work
- enforce morality laws through entrapment.
What systemic issues do LGBTQ refugees face in Africa and the Middle East?
Poverty, homelessness, violence, and mental health struggles due to discrimination and lack of societal acceptance.
How far back does Hindu thinking on gender and sexuality date according to the Vedic period? Bhatt
Around 4000 B.C., Hinduism embraced diverse views on gender and sexuality.
What was Section 377, and how did it impact India? Bhatt
- Enacted in 1861, it punished homosexual acts with life imprisonment, persisting even after India’s independence
- enforced in 42 former colonies inlc. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
What was significant about Nepal in 2007 regarding gender inclusivity? Bhatt
Nepal became the first South Asian country to re-recognize a third gender category.
What historic law did Pakistan pass in 2018? Bhatt
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act allowed Pakistanis to choose their gender on documents and prohibited discrimination based on gender identity.
How has India’s Hindu nationalist movement framed homosexuality? Bhatt
As a reprehensible Western import, contrary to historical acceptance in Hinduism.
What roles did women hold in pre-colonial African societies? Mohammed
Women led armies, played important consultative roles in politics, and in some cases, like the Lovedu people, served as supreme Rain Queens.
How were effeminate males treated in some pre-colonial African societies? Mohammed
They were treated as women and could marry men, such as the mudoko dako.
What were the Chibados or Quimbanda in Angola? Mohammed
Male diviners believed to carry female spirits through anal sex, according to some scholars.
How common was woman-to-woman marriage in pre-colonial African societies? Mohammed
It was documented in more than 40 pre-colonial African societies, allowing women to marry other women to uphold and augment kinship ties.
How did colonialism and the slave trade impact gender practices in Africa? Mohammed
- targeted and repressed transgressive gender performances and disseminated Christian values that labeled non-binary gender identities as deviant.
- church portrayed individuals who did not conform to binary gender roles as bad influences on Christian colonial society
Why is it anachronistic to label pre-colonial African gender identities as “transgender”? Mohammed
term retrofits contemporary gender categories onto historical practices that existed in their own cultural contexts.
What is the “heterosexual matrix”? Patil
framework where bodies, gender, and desires are naturalized, assuming a stable sex expressed through a stable gender (e.g., masculine = male, feminine = female) defined through heterosexuality.
Why is the heterosexual matrix considered imperial? Patil
emerged within colonial and transnational relations, aligning binary gender roles and heterosexuality with civilization while marginalizing others.
