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4.1 Communicable disease > Transmission of pathogens 4.1.2 > Flashcards

Transmission of pathogens 4.1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

State the lifecycle of a pathogen

A
  • Transmission
  • Entering the host
  • Reproducing
  • Leaving the host
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2
Q

What are the two types of disease transmission?

A

Direct and indirect

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3
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

From one host to another host

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4
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

A second organism (vector) that is unaffected by the pathogen transfers it to a new host

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5
Q

Is direct physical contact direct or indirect transmission?

A

Direct

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6
Q

How are diseases transmitted through direct physical contact?

A
  • Contact with body fluids e.g. kissing
  • Skin to skin (athletes foot)
  • Touching a contaminated surface
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7
Q

Is inoculation direct or indirect transmission?

A

Direct

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8
Q

How are diseases transmitted through inoculation

A
  • Break in the skin
  • Animal bite
  • Sharing needles
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9
Q

Is ingestion direct or indirect transmission?

A

Direct

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10
Q

How are diseases transmitted through ingestion?

A
  • Taking in contaminated food or drink
  • Transferring pathogens from hand to mouth
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11
Q

Is a droplet infection a direct or indirect transmission of disease?

A

Direct

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12
Q

How are diseases transmitted through a droplet infection?

A
  • Droplets of saliva and mucus are expelled from your mouth as you talk, cough and sneeze.
  • Others breeze in this and if contaminated will pass on a pathogen
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13
Q

Are fomites direct or indirect transmission?

A

Indirect

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14
Q

How are diseases transmitted through fomites?

A

Inanimate objects e.g. bedding, socks, cosmetics

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15
Q

Are vectors direct or indirect transmission?

A

Indirect

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16
Q

How are diseases transmitted through vectors?

A
  • Vectors transmit disease from one host to another
  • Mosquitos transmit malaria, and water can transmit diarrhoeal diseases
17
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By intimate human contact, and can only be transmitted by direct exchange of body fluids.
E.g. sexual intercourse, sharing of needles. from mother to child across the placenta

18
Q

How is tuberculosis spread?

A
  • When infected people with the active form of the disease cough or sneeze, the bacteria enter the air in tiny droplets of liquid
  • It is transmitted when uninfected people inhale these droplets
  • In some developing countries, meat and milk can be a source of infection
19
Q

What is a vector by definition?

A

A vector transmits communicable pathogens from one host to another. A vector is used by a pathogen to enter the host

20
Q

How is malaria spread?

A
  • Caused by plasmodium
  • Transmitted to humans by an insect vector, such as mosquitoes
  • These mosquitoes feed on human blood to obtain the protein they need to develop their eggs
  • If the human is infected, the mosquito will take up the pathogen and pass it onto the next human
21
Q

In what other ways can malaria be spread?

A

During blood transfusion and when unsterile needles are re-used

22
Q

Name 6 factors that increase the transmission of communicable disease in animals

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Low sanitation
  • Living conditions
  • Access to clean water and food
  • Poor ventilation
  • Poor disposal of waste
23
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

One that is caused by pathogenic organisms

24
Q

What is a non infectious disease?

A

Lifestyle, working conditions, genes

25
Q

How do pathogens enter the body?

A
  • Ears
  • Mouth
  • Eyes
  • Nose
  • Skin
  • Vagina/penis
  • Anus
  • Bladder
26
Q

How does indirect transmission occur between plants? (Explanation and examples)

A

Infected plants often leave pathogens in the soil which can affect the next crop. VECTORS
- Wind
- Water
- Animals
- Humans
- Spores

27
Q

What are 4 factors that increase the transmission of communicable disease in plants?

A
  • Overcrowded
  • Poor mineral nutrition
  • Damp and warm conditions
  • Climate change

4.1 Communicable disease (8 decks)

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