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BDS2 BAMS patient safety > transmission of infection > Flashcards

transmission of infection Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of virulence?

A

the ability of the microbe to cause disease

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2
Q

what is the definition of dose?

A

the number of microbes entering the body

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3
Q

how is dose usually expressed?

A

infectious dose 50 (ID50)

-international standard

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4
Q

what are the virulence factors?

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

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5
Q

give 2 examples of exotoxins

A 
P. gingivalis
-protease
-periodontal pathogen
S. aureus
-enterotixin & leukocidin
-white cell toxin
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6
Q

what is an endotoxin?

A

produced by bacteria
secreted into external environment
located in gram - cell walls and released

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7
Q

give two examples of endotoxins

A

lipopolysaccharide

  • P. gingivalis
  • E. coli
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8
Q

where do most pathogenic microbes that infect humans come from?

A

other humans

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9
Q

where else can human pathogens come from? give examples

A 
animals
eg anthrax
environmental
eg clostridium tetani spores in soil
fomites
contaminated objects or surfaces
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10
Q

what is an incubation period?

A

the time between contamination and the development of symptoms
-varies widely

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11
Q

what phase of infection is the source easily recognised?

A

acute

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12
Q

what 2 phases are the sources not easily recognised

A

podromal- asymptomatic

healthy carriers

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13
Q

what do long incubation periods permit?

A

longer time periods when infecting microbe can spread

greater spread of disease because of more human contact

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14
Q

what is an asymptomatic carrier?

A

an infected person with no clinical evidence of disease, though signs and symptoms of the disease may have been evident

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15
Q

what is a carrier?

A

usually not aware of infectious state

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16
Q

what is colonisation?

A

the presence of micro-organisms in or on a host with growth and multiplication, but without any overt clinical expression

17
Q

how does colonisation become infection?

A

no treatment

18
Q

how can disease be caused by members of the normal flora?

A

they become displaced to another body site or are allowed to invade deeper tissues
or
flora becomes harmful due to population/gene shifts

19
Q

what is the portal of exit?

A

microbes must escape from source to colonise new host

mechanisms vary

20
Q

what are the 2 modes of escape?

A

natural
-eg cough, sneeze
artificial
-eg blood donation, dental aerosols

21
Q

how does the COSHH classify human pathogens into 4 hazard groups?

A

ability to cause infection
severity of resulting disease
vaccine & tx availability
risk of population spread

22
Q

what is the R number?

A

the number of cases one case generates on average over the course of its infectious period

23
Q

what happens when Ro<1?

A

infection will die out in long run

24
Q

what happens when Ro>1?

A

infection will be able to spread in a population

25
Q

what factors affect Ro?

A

duration of infectivity
infectiousness
number of susceptible people

26
Q

how do large particles spread? (>10microm)

A

droplet and splatter

27
Q

how do small particles spread?

A

aerosol

28
Q

how can dentistry generated aerosols be mitigated?

A

rubber dam
high/low aspiration
surgery ventilation

29
Q

what are the 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A 
before touching px
before clean/aseptic procedure
after body fluid exposure
after touching px
after touching px surroundings
30
Q

what are the portals of entry? give examples

A 
respiratory tract
-flu
GIT
-salmonella/norovirus
open wounds
-staph aureus
medical devices/sharps injury
-hep. B
sexual contact
-HIV
31
Q

what are the routes of entry for influenza?

A

respiratory
inhalation
direct contact
in-direct contact

32
Q

what is a susceptible host?

A

a person who is at risk of infection as they are unable to fight the infection

33
Q

give examples why a host cant fight an infection?

A

underdeveloped/declining immune system
disease/drugs that impair host defences
breaks in the skin
medical devices

34
Q

what are the risk groups for complicated infections?

A

elderly, young children, pregnancy, chronic medical conditions

BDS2 BAMS patient safety (2 decks)

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