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CYTOGENETICS > TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION > Flashcards

TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards

1
Q

DNA to RNA (specifically mRNA)

A

Transcription

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2
Q

mRNA to protein
○ mRNA carries information from DNA

A

Translation

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3
Q

Master plan

A

DNA

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4
Q

● Blueprint of the master plan

A

RNA

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5
Q

Sequence of 3 bases called

A

codon

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6
Q

methionine or start codon

A

AUG

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7
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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8
Q

Clover-leaf shape
● Single stranded molecule with attachment site at
one end for an amino acid

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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9
Q

Opposite end has three
nucleotide bases called the

A

anticodon

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10
Q

The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to
the 3 bases of a codon
● Example

A

○ Codon ACU
○ Anticodon UGA

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11
Q

Genetic information is primarily carried by

A

DNA

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12
Q

is located in the nucleus

A

DNA

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13
Q

DNA

A

A-T
C-G

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14
Q

RNA

A

A-U
C-G

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15
Q

Promoter and its key element

A

○ TATA box

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16
Q

Transcription Factors

A

recruitment of RNA polymerase

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17
Q

catalyzes the formation of rRNA
■ Transcribes the nucleolar organizer, DNA

A

Polymerase I / A

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18
Q

catalyzes the formation of
mRNA

A

Polymerase II / B

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19
Q

catalyzes tRNA formation
■ Transcribes small genes

A

○ Polymerase III / C -

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20
Q

Contains the TATA box

A

Promoter

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21
Q

Also known as the Hogness Box

A

Promoter

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22
Q

Can still control transcription

A

● TATA-less promoters

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23
Q

Found 1 nucleotide before the start
of the transcription site

A

○ Inr (initiator element)

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24
Q

Found 28 or 34+ nucleotides before
the start of transcription site

A

○ DPE (downstream promoter element)

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25
Q

Found before the transcriptional start site
approximately __________

A

25 nucleotides

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26
Q

For the recruitment of RNA Pol II
● Forms an apparatus that binds
DNA and initiates transcription
● Activated by signals from outside the cell such as
hormones and growth factors

A

Transcription Factors

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27
Q

Transcription Factors
Sets the stage for transcription by forming a pocking
or RNA polymerase

A

TFIIA
● TFIIB
● TFIID
● TFIIE
● TFIIF
● TFIIH

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28
Q

Transcription Steps

A

Initiation
● Elongation
● Termination

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29
Q

Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a
template to assemble complementary nucleotides
into messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

DNA Transcription

30
Q

can recognize the TATA BOX and
also bind with it

31
Q

binds to TATA box and recruits other
transcription factors

32
Q

_____, _____, _____, also binds to
TATA box

A

Transcription factors IIA, IIB and IIF

33
Q

destabilizes non-specific interactions of
RNA polymerase II and the DNA

34
Q

binds in an unphosphorylated
state

A

RNA polymerase II

35
Q

stabilizes the TFIID because it can be removed

36
Q

aids in the start site selection of RNA
polymerase II; links the RNA polymerase II

37
Q

bind forming PIC (Preinitiation
complex)

A

TFIIE and IIH

38
Q

controls the functions of the IIH, and
enhances the melting of promoter

39
Q

a helicase and a kinase

40
Q

is phosphorylated by TFIIH

A

RNA pol II

41
Q

DNA sequences at start site (recognize TATA BOX

A

Transcription Promoters

42
Q

Nucleotides are ____________moves
along the DNA to make the pre-mRNA until the
termination site

A

added; Polymerase complex

43
Q

cleaves the RNA from RNA Polymerase II

A

CPSF –Cleavage and Polyadenylation
Specificity Factor

44
Q

Termination signal

45
Q

The RNA that is the direct copy of the DNA is the __________

A

primary transcript

46
Q

2 methods used to process primary transcripts to
increase the stability of mRNA being exported to the
cytoplasm

A

○ RNA capping
○ Polyadenylation

47
Q

Happens at the 5’ end of the RNA

A

RNA CAPPING

48
Q

Modifies the 3’ end of the primary transcript by the
addition of a string of A’s

A

POLYADENYLATION

49
Q

At the 3’ end, a poly(A) tail of 150 or more adenine
nucleotides is added. The tail plays a role in the
stability of the mRNA

A

POLYADENYLATION

50
Q

After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be
done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional

A

mRNA Processing

51
Q

= forms spliceosome

A

snRNPs
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

52
Q

DNA - template

A

Transcription

53
Q

■ mRNA to amino acids

A

Translation

54
Q

Made of a large and small subunit

55
Q

○ Large subuni

56
Q

Small subunit -

57
Q

Have two sites for tRNA attachment -

58
Q

are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA

59
Q

○ Holds the aatRNA carrying the next amino acid to be

A

○ aminoacyl-tRNA site

60
Q

Holds the tRNA molecule carrying the growing
polypeptide chain

A

○ peptidyl-tRNA site

61
Q

Where tRNA molecules leave the ribosome
○ Without amino acids

A

○ Exit site

62
Q

with attachment site at one
end for an amino acid

A

Transfer RNA

63
Q

● (1) amino acid + ATP → aminoacyl-AMP + PPi

A

○ Amino acid is activated by ATP

64
Q

● (2) aminoacyl-AMP + tRNA → aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP

A

Amino acid is attached by high-energy bond
to the 2’ or 3’ carbon of the ribose at the 3’
end of the tRNA

65
Q

Use the code by reading from the center to the outside

A

The Genetic Code

66
Q

GGG

67
Q

UCA

68
Q

CAU

69
Q

GCA

70
Q

AAA

CYTOGENETICS (4 decks)

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