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Bio 181 > Translation and Transciption > Flashcards

Translation and Transciption Flashcards

Unit 3

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1
Q

What does tRNA stand for and what is its purpose?

A

Transfer RNA. Its purpose is to deliver amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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2
Q

What prime end does an amino acid attach to for tRNA?

A

3 prime end

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3
Q

What is the definition of an anti-codon?

A

complementary/anti-parallel sequence to a codon

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4
Q

Use the coding strand to find the codons: 5’ ACTGCCCAT 3’

A

ACU GCC CAU

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5
Q

Give a molecular definition for a gene

A

Functional segment of DNA coding for a heritable structure or function

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6
Q

What is the function of the promoter region?

A

Initiation of transcription. Binding site for RNA polymerase. Strong promoters= a higher level of gene expression

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7
Q

What is the function of the terminator region in transcription?

A

Termination of transcription. Located at the end of the gene. RNA polymerase leaves the DNA template strand.

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8
Q

Explain the difference between the coding, non-coding, template, and non-template strand.

A

Coding strand= Non-template strand
Template strand= Non-coding strand

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9
Q

What is the role of the template and non-template strand during transcription?

A

Coding strand- carries information to make proteins
Template- compliment to the coding strand

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10
Q

Provide examples of the three characteristics of the genetic code.

A

Redundant- More than 1 codon specifies for the same amino acid

Unambiguous- A single codon never codes for more than one amino acid

Conservative- The first two bases of a codon that specify for the same amino acid are almost always the same

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11
Q

What makes the genetic code universal?

A

All living organisms, alive and extinct, rely on the genetic code.

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12
Q

Describe the 3 modifications in RNA processing that take place in eukaryotic cells.

A

Nucleotide Cap added to the 5 prime end of pre mRNA to protect from degradation.
Splicing (Connects Exons, Removes Introns- mature RNA)
Poly-A-Tail- added to the 3 prime ends to protect from degradation.

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13
Q

Outline the first of the three stages of transcription in E.Coli and the role of RNA polymerase in this process.

A

Initiation: The promoter functions as a recognition site for the sigma factor. RNA polymerase binds to the sigma factor causing it to bind to the promoter. After binding, the DNA is unwound to form an open complex.

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14
Q

Outline the second of the three stages of transcription in E.Coli and the role of RNA polymerase in this process.

A

Elongation: Sigma factor is released and the RNA polymerase slides along the DNA in an open complex to synthesize RNA.

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15
Q

Outline the third of the three stages of transcription in E.Coli and the role of RNA polymerase in this process.

A

Termination: When the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, it and the RNA transcript dissociate from the DNA

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16
Q

Outline the first of the three stages of translation

A

Initiation:
1. mRNA binds to the small subunit
2. Initiator tRNA binds to the start codon
3. Large ribosomal joins the complex forming functional ribosome ready for protein synthesis

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17
Q

Outline the second of the three stages of translation

A

Elongation Step One:
1. tRNA binds to the A site
2. Peptide bond forms
3. large subunit translocation
4. small unit translocation

Elongation Step Two:
1. C end of polypeptide released from tRNA of P site and joins the free group (N) of tRNA sitting in A site

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18
Q

Outline the third of the three stages of translation

A

Termination: Stop codon enters the A site of the ribosome

19
Q

What is the purpose of the small subunit in bacterial ribosomes?

A

Read genetic code in mRNA

20
Q

What is the purpose of the large subunit in bacterial ribosomes?

A

Link amino acids together to make a protein

21
Q

Outline the general steps of the Central Dogma.

A

DNA->RNA->Polypeptide->Protein

22
Q

Relate the steps of the Central Dogma to gene expression

A

Gene expression starts at the polypeptide. Gene expression explains how a gene becomes a protein.

One gene= One protein.

DNA->mRNA (Transcription)
mRNA->Protein (Translation)

23
Q

How is the mRNA sequence of nucleotides “cut” into groups?

A

“Cut” into groups of 3 nucleotides each.
3 nucleotides = codons.
1 codon = 1 amino aicd

24
Q

Where are codons and anti-codons located?

A

Codons are in mRNA
Anti-codons are in tRNA

25
Q

How many codons are in use?

A

There are 64 codons, but only 61 are in use.

26
Q

How many anti- codons are in use?

A

There are 64 anti-codons, but only 54 are in use.

27
Q

What helps to make DNA into mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

28
Q

Where and when do these steps occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Step 1. DNA->mRNA
Step 2. mRNA->Polypeptide

A

Eukaryotes- Steps are separated in space and time.
Step 1- Nucleus
Step 2- Cytosol

Prokaryotes- Both steps occur the same time
Step 1 and 2- cytoplasm

29
Q

What helps to make mRNA into a polypeptide?

A

tRNA and ribosomes

30
Q

Understand how to draw and label the structure of tRNA.

A

Draw it.

31
Q

Understand how to draw and label a bacterial ribosome.

A

Draw it.

32
Q

True or False: Mature mRNA has a 3’ cap, 5’ poly-a tail, and has undergone splicing.

A

False.

33
Q

Which of the following statements are false?
a. The template strand is identical to the RNA strand except for uracil and thymine
b. The non-coding strand is what codes for RNA using complementary base pairing
c. The coding strand is identical to the RNA strand except for uracil and thymine
d. The non-template strand is what codes for RNA using complementary base pairing

A

a. The template strand is identical to the RNA strand except for uracil and thymine
d. The non-template strand is what codes for RNA using complementary base pairing

34
Q

Mark True or False for the following statements.
●The promoter region signals the beginning of transcription
● A gene is a segment of genetic material on DNA that determines a
characteristic
● The terminator region turns a gene “on” or “off”
● The promoter region is found at the end of a gene

A

● __T__ The promoter region signals the beginning of transcription
● __T__ A gene is a segment of genetic material on DNA that determines a
characteristic
● __F__ The terminator region turns a gene “on” or “off”
● __F__ The promoter region is found at the end of a gene

35
Q

Select the true statement(s).
a. The transcribed region of DNA is translated to produce mRNA
b. tRNA brings amino acids into RNA polymerase
c. Sigma factor has to bind to DNA polymerase in order for transcription to begin
d. None of the above statements are true

A

d. None of the above statements are true

36
Q

Which of the following occurs in the termination stage of transcription in E. coli?
a. Sigma factor releases
b. DNA polymerase, mRNA, and DNA disassociate
c. The terminator region is reached by DNA polymerase
d. A hairpin forms in RNA

A

d. A hairpin forms in RNA

37
Q

What is true regarding the three stages of translation?
a. The stop codon codes for an amino acid
b. The sigma factor is released in elongation
c. tRNA enters the ribosome at the P-binding site
d. tRNA exits the ribosome at the E-binding site

A

d. tRNA exits the ribosome at the E-binding site

38
Q

True or False: The template strand of DNA contains instructions to make a polypeptide.

A

False.

39
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding codon characteristics?
a. Codons are redundant, meaning each codon specifies one amino acid
b. Codons are unambiguous, meaning several codons can code for a single amino acid
c. Codons are conservative, meaning the first two bases are the same in codons
that code for the same amino acid
d. Codons are redundant, meaning several codons can code for a single amino acid

A

a. Codons are redundant, meaning each codon specifies one amino acid
b. Codons are unambiguous, meaning several codons can code for a single amino acid

40
Q

Which of the following mRNA strands was transcribed from DNA containing this non-template strand?

5’ ATAGCCGTA 3’

A

c. 5’ AUAGCCGUA 3’

41
Q

What holds together a polypeptide?
a. Phosphodiester bonds
b. Peptide bonds
c. Hydrogen bonds

A

b. Peptide bonds

42
Q

True or False: Codons are a set of three nucleotide bases used to code for amino acids.

A

True

43
Q

What takes place in RNA processing?
a. Capping on the 3’ end
b. Removal of exons
c. Tailing on the 3’ end
d. Splicing

A

c. Tailing on the 3’ end
d. Splicing

44
Q

Match the components with the process(s) they are involved in.

Transcription
Translation
RNA Modification

Options:
Ribosomes
rRNA
DNA
Splicing
3’ poly-A tail
RNA Polymerase
mRNA
RNA Modification
Sigma Factor
5’ Cap
Spliceosome
tRNA

A

Ribosomes- translation
rRNA- translation
DNA- transcription
Splicing- RNA modification
3’ poly-A tail- RNA modification
RNA Polymerase- Transcription
mRNA- Transcription
RNA Modification- Translation
Sigma Factor- Transription
5’ Cap- RNA modification
Spliceosome- RNA modification
tRNA- Translation

Bio 181 (1 decks)

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