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Molecular Nutrition > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs in cell nucleus (2)

A

Production of RNA from DNA template

Aka transcription

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2
Q

What occurs in cytoplasm (3)

A

Protein synthesised on rRNA
tRNA recodes mRNA message to amino acid sequence of protein
Aka translation

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3
Q

Messenger RNA (3)

A

Transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase II
Sequence of nucleotides specifies order of AAs in polypeptide chain
Extensive processing of mRNA transcript

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4
Q

Transfer RNA (3)

A

Transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase III
And processed in the nucleus
Carries AAs to mRNA template in a specified order

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5
Q

3 specialised feature of tRNA (4)

A

Anticodon triplet
Site for AA attachment
Recognition site for specific enzyme
Which catalyses binding of an appropriate AA to corresponding tRNA

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6
Q

Amino acyl tRNA synthetases

A

Enzymes with specific role of attaching AA to tRNA

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7
Q

Ribosomes (4)

A

Organelles of protein synthesis
Contains a small subunit which binds mRNA to tRNA
And large subunit that catalysed peptide bond formation
Both subunits must be in association for protein synthesis to occur

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8
Q

Stages of protein synthesis (4)

A

Transcription
Activation of AA
Translation
Folding and processing

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9
Q

Stages of translation (3)

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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10
Q

Initiation phase stage 1 (3)

A

Ribosome dissociation
Formation of ternary complex
Formation of 43S pre initiation complex

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11
Q

Initiation phase stage 2 (2)

A

Binding of this complex to mRNA

Migration along mRNA to initiation codon

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12
Q

Initiation phase stage 3 (3)

A

Hydrolysis of GTP
And release of initiation factors
Ribosome association

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13
Q

Elongation step 1 (2)

A

Binding of aminoacyl tRNA to A site

Catalysed by EF1 with hydrolysis of GTP

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14
Q

Elongation step 2 (2)

A

Peptide bond formation

Catalysed by peptidyl transferase activity of ribosome

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15
Q

Elongation step 3 (2)

A

Ribosome moves along mRNA

Catalysed by EF2 with hydrolysis of GTP

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16
Q

Termination step 1

A

Binding of eRF to A site at the stop codon

17
Q

Termination step 2 (3)

A

Allows water in and water results in cleavage of the tRNA-AA bond

And formation of carboxylase acid

Thereby releasing the polypeptide

18
Q

Termination step 3 (2)

A

Whole complex falls apart

Allowing recycling of components

19
Q

How long does it take to synthesise a typical cell protein

A

30-60s

20
Q

Qualitative regulation (2)

A

Control type of protein synthesised

Changes in the type of proteins synthesised are exerted through regulation of their individual mRNAs

21
Q

Quantitative regulation (2)

A

Control amount of protein synthesised

The amount of protein synthesised is registered by the ability of the protein synthetic apparatuses translate the available mRNA

22
Q

Mechanisms controlling the rate of translation (4)

A

Regulation of the number of ribosomes
This determined the maximum rate of protein synthesis possible at one time

Regulation of the active of a given population of ribosomes
This determines the rate of protein synthesis per unit of ribosome

23
Q

Insulin effects on translation (4)

A

Increases the number of ribosomes
Increases rRNA transcription
And total RNA tissue content
Also increases ribosomal activity

24
Q

tRNA attachment functions (2)

A

Activates AA making formation of a peptide bond

tRNA directs AA to designated location on mRNA

25
Q

Translation overview (4)

A

Process by which protein is synthesis from mRNA
mRNA sequence is read using the genetic code
Occurs in the ribosome
Translation by ribosome occurs in 3 stages

25
Q

The genetic code (4)

A

Set of rules that’s defined how mRNA sequence will be translated
Into amino acids
The genetic code is a codon
Which correspond with a specific amino acid or stop signal

25
Q

Define codon

A

Set of 3 letter combinations of nucleotides

Molecular Nutrition (8 decks)

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