Translation

Question 1

define translation

Answer 1

conversion of mRNA sequence into protein

Question 2

RNA and DNA are each made of __ kinds of monomers

Answer 2

4

Question 3

proteins are made of __ kinds of monomers

Answer 3

20

Question 4

describe the concept of the genetic code

Answer 4

the genetic code assigns combinations of 3 nucleotides to the 20 amino acids (formula that converts nucleotides to amino acids)

Question 5

define codons

Answer 5

sets of 3 RNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid

Question 6

do the codons that signal the stop of translation code for an amino acid?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

do the codons that signal the start of translation code for an amino acid?

Answer 7

yes; always methionine

Question 8

what is the start codon?

Answer 8

AUG

Question 9

first step of translation

Answer 9

mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 10

second step of translation (once transported into the cytoplasm)

Answer 10

ribosome binds mRNA at the 5’ cap

Question 11

describe ribosomes

Answer 11

ribosomes are protein/RNA complexes that translate mRNAs (RNA component is rRNA/ ribosomal RNA)

Question 12

where does translation start?

Answer 12

AUG (start codon) not the 5’ cap

Question 13

what are kozak sequences

Answer 13

surrounding sequences on mRNA that point out the correct AUG to the ribosome

Question 14

first amino acid of any protein

Answer 14

methionine

Question 15

can methionine be used in other parts of the protein?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

how do ribosomes extend the protein?

Answer 16

tRNAs shuttle amino acids to the ribosome, which then covalently binds them together to form a protein

Question 17

when does translation stop?

Answer 17

when the ribosome reaches one of three stop codons and falls off the mRNA and release the protein

Question 18

RNA

Answer 18

ribonucleic acid

Question 19

pre-mRNA

Answer 19

the RNA transcript produced initially during transcription in eukaryotes

Question 20

mRNA

Answer 20

messenger RNA (the processed RNA transcript molecule that will actually be translated)

Question 21

tRNA

Answer 21

transfer RNA (the RNa molecule the brings amino acids to the ribosome)

Question 22

rRNA

Answer 22

ribosomal RNA (RNA that forms the structure of the ribosome)

Question 23

snRNA

Answer 23

small nuclear RNA (forms parts of spliceosome)

Question 24

miRNA

Answer 24

micro RNAs (help regulate gene expression)

Question 25

in eukaryotes, where does transcription happen? translation?

Answer 25

transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm

Question 26

in prokaryotes when/where does transcription and translation happen?

Answer 26

happen at the same time (no nucleus)

Question 27

do prokaryotes have introns?

Answer 27

no, so they don’t process RNA transcripts (splicing, caps, tails)