Translation

Question 1

What is an intron?

Answer 1

Non-coding

Question 2

What is an exon?

Answer 2

Coding

Question 3

What is a regulatory element?

Answer 3

Promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators

Question 4

How could a SNP within a gene promoter alter gene expression levels?

Answer 4

Changing the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter sequence

Question 5

Why might DNA be more prone to UV damage compared to chromatin?

Answer 5

DNA that is bound is physically protected from the UV radiation

Question 6

What is sense, anti-sense, transcript strands?

Answer 6

Sense: normal
antisense: template, opposite
transcript: RNA, same as sense with U for T

Question 7

What are the two components of a ribosome?

Answer 7

60S: 3 type of rRNA and 50 ribosomal proteins
40S

Question 8

How does translation work?

Answer 8

Initiator- methionin- P site
Anticodon A site
Peptide bond formation
Moves along same happens

Question 9

What is the A site?

Answer 9

Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain

Question 10

What is the P site?

Answer 10

Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

Question 11

What is the E site?

Answer 11

Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit site

Question 12

What is a polyribosome?

Answer 12

When mRNA synthesis is initiated in one ribosome, others can join and make a polysome, multiple copies can be made from one RNA molecule

Question 13

How many codons are there?

Answer 13

64, but much fewer tRNA some amino acids are represented by up to 6 codons

Question 14

There are 4 codes used differently in mitochondria what are they?

Answer 14

UGA: tryptophan instead of stop
AUA: methionine
AGA & AGG: stop instead of arginine