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Transtition Metals > Transition Metals > Flashcards

Transition Metals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a TM

A

An element with a partly filled d or f subshell

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2
Q

What are the types of d orbitals

A

T2g dxy dxz dyz

Eg dz2 dx2-dy2

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3
Q

Why do TM cations have no 4e-

A

Lower energy than d

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4
Q

What are the exceptions in the elements

A

Copper and chromium

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5
Q

What is the trend in IE

A

Increase in general but dip at d5 due to pairing

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6
Q

What has the most oxidation states

A

Mn

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7
Q

What is oxidation group state

A

Loss of all valence electrons - can be achieved by those on the LHS

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8
Q

What is a metal complex

A

A combination of a Lewis acid ( metal ) and Lewis base (ligand)

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9
Q

What is coordination number

A

Number of ligand donor atoms bonded directly to the metal

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10
Q

What factors effect CN

A

Size of central atom
Steric interactions
Electronic interactions

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11
Q

What did Werner discover

A

That CoCl3 NH3 4

Was in the octahedral geometry inorder to produce 2 isomers with different colours

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12
Q

What are the isomers for MX4Y2

A

Cis and trans

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13
Q

What are the isomers for MX3Y3

A

Mer and fac

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14
Q

What property causes he rotation of polarised light

A

Chirality

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15
Q

What properties do enatiomers have that are different

A

Reactivity with polarised light and reactivity with other chiral compounds

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16
Q

How can you separate enantiomers

A

React with a chiral reagent such as d tartrate

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17
Q

What shape do CN 6

A

Octahedral

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18
Q

What is the distortion of octahedral

A

4 fold rotation tetragonal

3 fold rotation trigonal

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19
Q

Why don’t CN greater than 6 occur

A

The atom is too small

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20
Q

What shape are CN2

A

Linear

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21
Q

What shape are CN4

A

Terreahedral or square planar

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22
Q

What shape are CN 5

A

Trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal

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23
Q

What exchange occurs in CN 5

A

Berry Pseudorotation - Luganda exchange between sites (fluxional )

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24
Q

What does a hard coordination centre mean

A

Little affected by applied magnetic field

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25
Q

What does soft centre mean

A

Easily polarised

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26
Q

What sort of bond is formed from hard hard

A

Pure ionic

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27
Q

What factors effect hard or soft centres

A

Atomic radii and electronegativity

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28
Q

What is a class a metal

A

A metal which forms its most stable complexes with hard oxygen donors

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29
Q

What is a soft metal

A

A metal which forms its most stable complexes with soft phosphorus donors

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30
Q

What assumptions does crystal filed theory make

A

That Ligands and metal ions are point charges

The bond is purely ionic

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31
Q

What is crystal field theory

A

That electrons in different d orbitals interact with ligands to different extents causing splitting in orbital energies

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32
Q

In the octahedral complex what is the order of orbitals

A

Eg

T2g

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33
Q

Why do T2g lie lower in energy

A

They point inbtweeen ligands so repulsions are less

34
Q

What is a spherical environment

A

When the transition metal ion is free

35
Q

What is crystal field stabilisation energy

A

The occupation of electrons in the lowest level orbitals creating stabilisation

36
Q

What is the value for delta o for T2g and eg

A

T2g -0.4

Eg +0.6

37
Q

What is the equation for CFSE

A

= n(-0.4) +m (0.6) +xP

38
Q

What is a low spin complex

A

When electrons occupy the lower levels pairing up before the higher

39
Q

What is high spin

A

When orbitals enter higher levels avoiding pairing

40
Q

What is a strong field case

A

A lower energy is achieved by occupying only the lower orbitals despite pairing

41
Q

What is a weak field case

A

A lower energy is achieved by the upper orbitals being occupied

42
Q

What is the Jahn Teller theorem

A

If the electrons are unequally distributed in the orbitals the complex distorts so the orbitals no longer have the same energy

43
Q

Where is the Jahn Teller theory significant

A

Unequally occupied Eg orbitals

44
Q

What is tetragonal distortion

A

The effect of Jahn Teller where z orbitals move down and the others move up to maintain average energy

45
Q

What stabilisation occurs in square planar complexes

A

Complete removal of z axis z go v low

46
Q

What are square planar complexes common on

A

D8

47
Q

When is square planar favoured over tetragonal distortion

A

When the delta exceeded pairing

48
Q

What order are the orbitals in tetrahedral complexes

A

Opposite to octahedral

49
Q

What is the equation relating delta t and delta o

A

T = 4/9 o

50
Q

What is the consequence of the delta t delta o equation

A

Most tetrahedral complexes are high spin

51
Q

Why do complexes have colour

A

They absorb light at a specific wave length and the wave length not absorbed is transmitted and observed

52
Q

What equation links wave length and delta o

A

Wavelength = hc/deltao

53
Q

What is the beer lambert law

A

A=ecl

A = log i0/I

54
Q

What is 1cm-1 in Kjmol-1

A

0.012

55
Q

How does ligand effect delta o

A

A large delta o is related to a strong field ligand

56
Q

What does strong field ligand mean

A

The energy gap is large

57
Q

How does the nature of the metal ion effect splitting

A

A large high oxidation state leads to larger splitting g

58
Q

What 3 factors effect colour observed

A

Ligand type
Metal type
Geometry and co ord number

59
Q

What is colour intensity governed by

A

Selection rules

60
Q

What is the Laporte selection rule

A

L must be -+1

61
Q

What is parity selection rule

A

The symmetry must change

62
Q

What type of orbital has a centre of symmetry

A

G

S and d

63
Q

What is the name of an orbital without a centre of symmetry

A

U

P

64
Q

What is the spin selection rule

A

The chance of the electron changingspin is very low

65
Q

What is a charge transfer

A

When the electron in a ligand temporary moves onto the metal ion or viscera

66
Q

What causes the charge transfer to move to lower energy

A

Metal more oxidising

Ligand more reducing

67
Q

What impact does a higher oxidation state have on energy level

A

Moves lower

68
Q

What is paramagnetism

A

When there is an unpaired electrons

69
Q

What is the opposite to paramagnetic

A

Diamagnetic

70
Q

What is the spin only equation

A

U EFF = root n(n+2)

71
Q

What is the practical consequences of paramagnetism in presence of magnetic field

A

Weight increases

72
Q

What apparatus is used to weigh maganetic substances

A

gouy balance

73
Q

What is ferromagnatism

A

Bellow a critical temp a paramagnetic ion remains aligned spontaneously

74
Q

What does liable mean

A

The bond is easily broken / undergo rapid =bum

75
Q

What does inert mean

A

The bond is stronger

76
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for ligand exchange

A

Sn1 or sn2

77
Q

What factors effect rate or exchange

A

Oxidation state of metal

Distribution of 3D electrons

78
Q

What is the formation constant equation

A

Kn= (MLn)/(MLn-1)(L)

79
Q

What is the overall formation constant

A

K1 k2x….

80
Q

What effects the trend in K

A

Statistics
Sterics
Electrostatics

81
Q

What entropic effects k

A

Chelate effect

Changes in solvation

82
Q

What is the chelate effect

A

Complexes with chelating multidentate rings are more stable than equivalent mono dentate due to effective conc and entropy

Transtition Metals (1 decks)

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