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AQA Chemistry A Level > Transition metals > Flashcards

Transition metals Flashcards

Everything you need to get an A* in AQA Chemistry A level, closely following the AQA specification and textbook

1
Q

What are some properties of d-block metals?

A

Good conductors of heat and electricity, hard, strong, shiny, high melting and boiling points

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2
Q

What is a transition metal?

A

An element that forms at least one stable ion with a partially full d-shell of electrons

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3
Q

Are all d block metals transition metals?

A

No

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4
Q

What are the four main features of transition metals?

A

Variable oxidation states
Form coloured compounds
Can be used as catalysts
Complex formation

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5
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule or ion that forms a co-ordinate bond with a transition metal by donating a pair of electrons

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6
Q

What is a complex?

A

A central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands

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7
Q

What is the co-ordination number?

A

The number of coordinate bonds to the central atom or ion

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8
Q

What is the shape of an ion with co-ordination number 6?

A

octahedral

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9
Q

What are the 2 shapes that an ion with co-ordination number 4 can take

A

Tetrahedral or Square planar

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10
Q

What is a monodentate ligand?

A

A ligand that binds to the central metal ion by only 1 atom

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11
Q

Which molecules can act as monodentate ligands?

A

H20, NH3, Cl-

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12
Q

How does the size of the Cl- ligand compare to the size of the H20 ligand and the NH3 ligand?

A

Cl- is a bigger ligand than H20 and NH3, which are similar in size and uncharged

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13
Q

How does Cl-‘s size affect substitution reactions of complex ions compared to the substitution reactions of NH3 and H2O?

A

The exchange of NH3 and H2O ligands occurs without change of co-ordination number, but the exchange of H2O by Cl- can involve a change of co-ordination number

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14
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

Molecules that have 2 atoms with lone pairs that can bond to a transition metal ion

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15
Q

What is a multidentate ligand?

A

A molecule that has more than 1 atom with a lone pair of electrons that can bond the the transition metal ion

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16
Q

What is the chelate effect?

A

The effect by which a multidentate ligand replaces a monodentate ligand in forming co-ordinate bonds to a transition metal ion

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17
Q

What changes in entropy occur after the chelate effect?

A

The entropy increase, as fewer species are replaced by more, so there is an increase in the number of particles in the end, so entropy increases.

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18
Q

What is a chelate?

A

A complex ion with a polydentate ligand

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19
Q

What is an example of a complex with a multidentate ligand?

A

Haem

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20
Q

What is Haem?

A

A compound playing a crucial role in the binding of oxygen in the bloodstream

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21
Q

What enable oxygen to be transported in the blood in haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen can form a co-ordinate bond to Fe(II) in haemoglobin

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22
Q

Why is Carbon Monoxide toxic?

A

It replaces oxygen co-ordinately bonded to Fe(II) in haemoglobin

23
Q

What kind of isomerism can octahedral complexes with monodentate ligands display?

A

cis-trans isomerism, a special kind of E-Z isomerism

24
Q

What kind of isomerism can octahedral complexes with bidentate ligands display?

A

optical isomerism

25
What kind of isomerism can square planar complexes display?
cis-trans isomerism
26
What complex does Ag+ form?
The linear complex [Ag(NH3)2]+ as used in Tollens' reagent
27
How can transition metal ions be identified?
By their colour
28
How does colour arise in transition metals?
When some of the wavelengths of visible light are absorbed and the remaining wavelengths of light are transmitted or reflected
29
What happens to the electrons in a transition metal when light is absorbed?
d electrons move from the ground state to an excited state when light is absorbed
30
Why are transition metals coloured?
Because they have partially filled d subshells, it is therefore possible for these electrons to move from one d orbital to another
31
What can be used to determine the concentration of coloured ions in solution?
A colorimeter
32
How does the colorimeter work?
It uses a light source and a detector to measure the amount of light of a particular wavelength that passes through a coloured solution. The more concentrated the solution, the less light transmitted through the solution
33
How are Vanadium species in oxidation states IV, III and II formed?
By the reduction of vanadate(V) ions by zinc in acidic solution
34
Write the equation for the formation of the Vanadium(IV) ion
Zn + 4H* + 2VO2 --> 2VO²* + 2H2O + Zn²*
35
What is the colour change of the Vanadium compound when it's oxidation state changes fromm+5 to +4?
yellow to blue
36
Write an equation for the formation of Vanadium(III)
4H* + 2VO²* + Zn --> 2V³* +Zn²* +2H20
37
What is the colour change for the Vanadium compound when it changes oxidation state from +4 to +3
blue to green
38
Write an equation for the formation of the Vanadium(II) ion
2V³* + Zn --> 2V²* + Zn²*
39
What is the colour change when Vanadium changes oxidation state from +3 to +2
green to purple
40
What is a catalyst?
A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction
41
What are the two types of catalysts?
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
42
What is a homogeneous catalyst?
A catalyst in a different phase from the reactants and the reaction occurs at active sites on the surface
43
What is a homogeneous catalyst?
A catalyst in the same phase as the reactant, where the reaction proceeds through an intermediate species
44
What is a support medium, and what are its benefits?
It maximises the surface area of a heterogeneous catalyst and minimises the cost
45
What is the contact process?
The process that produces sulfuric acid
46
What is the catalyst for the contact process?
V2O5
47
What kind of catalyst is V2O5 in the contact process?
A heterogeneous catalyst
48
What catalyst is used in the Haber Process?
Iron
49
What kind of catalyst is Iron in the Haber process?
Heterogeneous
50
What is a problem that occurs with all catalysts when there are impurities?
Catalytic poisoning
51
How does catalytic poisoning affect the catalyst?
It blocks the active site, and reduces the efficiency of the catalyst, resulting in a cost implication
52
What is autocatalysis?
When one of the products of the reaction is the catalyst for the reaction
53
How does the reaction rate change in a reaction where there is autocatalysis?
The reaction starts slowly at the uncatalysed rate. As the concentration of the catalyst builds up, the reaction speeds up to the catalysed rate

AQA Chemistry A Level (6 decks)

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