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Chem 1B > Transition Metals > Flashcards

Transition Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the electron configuration exception for transition metals?

A

Chromium and Copper
Chromium = [Ar] 4s^1 3d^5

Copper= [Ar]4s^1 3d^10

Chromium prefers half-filled orbitals since it is more stable

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2
Q

How do you figure out the electron configuration for a cation transition metal

A

you remove electrons from the s orbital first

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3
Q

What are the main molecular geometries for coordination complexes

A

linear geometry, square planar, octahedral, tetrahedral

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4
Q

What is a linear geometry

A

two ligands are attached

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5
Q

what is a octahedral

A

6 ligands attached

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6
Q

what is a square planar

A

4 ligands attached in a plane

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7
Q

what is tetrahedra;l

A

4 ligands in a pyramid shape

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8
Q

what is the charge on the outside of the transition metal complex

A

the overall charge that the counterion neutralizes

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9
Q

what do ligands do?

A

They act as Lewis bases that donate electrons

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

what is a chelating ligand/ polydentate

A

it is a ligand that forms multiple bonds

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12
Q

what type of ligand is ethylenediamine (en)

A

it forms two bonds (bidentate) and donates 2 lone pairs

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13
Q

What type of ligand is an oxalate ion (ox) (C2O4^2-)

A

It is a bidentate, it forms two bonds

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14
Q

What type of ligand is a ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)

A

it is polydentate and donates 6 lone pairs

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15
Q

What is the coordination #?

A

It is the # of atoms attached to the metal NOT the # of ligands

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16
Q

What is the name of H20

A

Aqua

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17
Q

What is the name of NH3

A

Ammine

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18
Q

What is the name of CO (carbon monoxide)

A

Carbonyl

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19
Q

What is the name of ethylenediamine (en)

A

Ethylenediamine

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20
Q

What is the naming rule for anion ligands?

A

You add and “-o”

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21
Q

What is the name for Bromide, Br-

A

Bromo

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22
Q

What is the name for Chloride, Cl-

A

Chloro

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23
Q

What is the name for Hydroxide, (OH)-

A

Hydroxo

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24
Q

What is the name for Cyanide (CN-)

A

Cyano

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25
Q

What is the name for Nitrite, NO2-

A

Nitro

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26
Q

What is the name for Oxalate? C2O4^2-

A

Oxalato

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27
Q

What is the name for EDTA

A

Ethylenediaminetetraaceto

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28
Q

What is the name for Chromium when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Chromate

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29
Q

What is the name for Cobalt when
it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Cobaltate

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30
Q

What is the name for Copper when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Cuprate

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31
Q

What is the name for Gold when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Aurate

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32
Q

What is the name for Iron when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Ferrate

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33
Q

What is the name for Lead when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Plumbate

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34
Q

What is the name for Manganese when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Manganate

35
Q

What is the name for Molybdenum when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Molybdate

36
Q

What is the name for Nickel when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Nickelate

37
Q

What is the name for Platinum when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Platinate

38
Q

What is the name for Silver when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Argentate

39
Q

What is the name for Tin when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Stannate

40
Q

What is the name for Zinc when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?

A

Zincate

41
Q

whats the highest oxidation state of manganese?

A

+7

42
Q

what are the prefixes for when there is already a prefix within a ligand?

A

bis, tris, tetrakis

43
Q

what are isomers?

A

they are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

44
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

the atoms (and # of them) are the same but they have different connectivities

45
Q

what are the two types of structural isomers?

A

Coordination isomers and linkage isomers

46
Q

What is a coordination isomer?

A

it occurs when it is possible to exchange ligands and counterions or a solvent molecule such as H2O

47
Q

What type of isomer is [Co(NH3)5 Br]Cl and [Co(NH3)5 Cl]Br

A

This is a coordination isomer, the Br- and Cl- are exchanged

48
Q

What type of isomer is [Cr(H2O)4 Cl2]Cl * 2H2O and

[Cr(H2O)6 ]Cl 3

A

A coordination isomer, the Chloride and Water molecules exchange places

49
Q

What are linkage isomers

A

They form when a ligand that is attached to a metal can attach with different atoms

50
Q

What type of isomer is NO2

A

a linkage isomer, the oxygen or nitrogen can donate an electron pair

51
Q

What are the names of the two isomer forms of NO2

A

Nitro when the nitrogen attaches (NO2)

Nitrito when the Oxygen attaches (ONO)

52
Q

What type of isomer is Cyanide? (CN-)

A

it is a linkage isomer, either carbon or nitrogen can donate the electron pair

53
Q

What are the names of the two isomer forms of Cyanide

A

Cyano when Carbon attaches
Isocyano when the nitrogen attaches

54
Q

What type of isomer is thiocyanide? (SCN-)

A

Thiocyanato when the nitrogen bonds
isothiocyanato when the sulfur bonds

55
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

they are isomers with the same connectivities but different spatial arrangements

56
Q

What are the types of stereoisomers

A

Geometric and optical

57
Q

what are geometric stereoisomers?

A

cis/trans and fac/mer

58
Q

When do ligands have cis/trans isomers?

A

when two identical ligands are present

59
Q

what defines a cis isomer?

A

If the two identical ligands are next to one another (adjacent)

60
Q

what defines a trans isomer?

A

when they are opposites/ across from one another

61
Q

When do ligands have fac/mer isomers?

A

when there are 3 identical ligands

62
Q

when are ligands considered fac?

A

when they form a 90° angle (adjacent) triangle

63
Q

When are ligands considered Mer?

A

When they form a 180° arc

64
Q

what types of complexes cannot form geometric isomers and why?

A

tetrahedral complexes cannot form geometric isomers because all the angles are fixes at 109°

65
Q

what are optical isomers and where are they seen most commonly?

A

opitcal isoers are stereoisomers that are mirror images of eachother and are nonsuperimposable

66
Q

what does it mean to be non-superimposable

A

they cannot be stacked identically

67
Q

What is the rule for optical isomers and tetrahedral molecules?

A

optical isomers will exist if the molecule has 4 different atoms or groups of atoms attached

68
Q

What is the rule for octahedral geometries and optical isomers?

A

Transition metal complexes that are octahedral and have 3 bidentate ligands (can form 2 bonds) are optical isomers

69
Q

What is Crystal Field Theory?

A

it considers the electrostatic bonding of a complex

70
Q

What affects the electron configuration in Crystal Field Theory?

A

the charge attraction between the transition metal and the ligand

The repulsion of the electrons

71
Q

How does the electrostatic repulsion affect the energies of d-orbitals?

A

the d orbitals are no longer energy equivalent

72
Q

What are the different d orbitals?

A

dxy, dyz, dxz, dz^2, dx^2-y^2

they are not energy equivalent

73
Q

which d orbitals are higher energy and why?

A

The dx^2-y^2 and dz^2 have higher energies because the orbitals lie directly on the axis

The dxy, dyz,dxz have lower energer because they are lying between the axis

74
Q

What is a high spin configuration?

A

∆O is small, it is more energetically favorable to put an electron in the higher energy orbitals (dx^2-dy^2) and dz^2

ligands are weak

75
Q

What is low spin configuration

A

∆O is large, it is more energetically favorable to overcome the e- repulsion than the ∆O

the lower dxy, dxz, and dyz orbitals are filled

ligands are strong field electrons

76
Q

What does CNOX stand for

A

Carbon donors>Nitrogen donor ligands are strong ligands

Oxygen donors > Halide ligands are weak ligands

77
Q

What are the strong ligands?

A

CO, CN- > NO2^- > NH3, en

78
Q

What are the weak ligands

A

H2O > OH-, ONO-> C2O4^2- > Halides

79
Q

what happens when a transition metal complex is exposed to white light

A

the electron gets excited and moves up a d orbital and falls back down

80
Q

What are the colors on the color wheel?

A

ROYGBV

red (750-650), orange (650-580), yellow(580-490), green(490-460), blue(460-430), violet (430-400)

81
Q

what does it mean when a complex has a longer wavelength?

A

it has a weak ligand and has a lower energy gap

82
Q

what does it mean when a complex has a shorter wavelength

A

it has a strong ligand and a higher energy gap

83
Q

What color do we see and what is absorbed?

A

The wavelength is the measure of absorbed light and we see the complementary color (opposite on the wheel) reflected back at us

84
Q

If you have more strong ligands compared to weak ligands in a complex, what spin does it have?

A

it will have a low spin

Chem 1B (7 decks)

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