Transition Metals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transition metal? What conditions to be classed as one?

A

Transitions metal is an element in the d-block element of the p.t that forms at least one stable ion with an partially filled d sub-shell

1) Electrons must be in d sub shell, and highest energy outermost electron in a d sub-shell
2) incomplete d sub-shell

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2
Q

How does the electronic configuration of d block ions work?

A

When they lose electrons, they lose electrons from the 4s orbital first and then the 3d orbital ( and vice verse ).

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3
Q

Give the pattern of electrons in the d sub shell for the top row of d block

A

1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10

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4
Q

Why is [Ar] used when describing electronic configuration

A

Noble gas that describes the electronic configuration ( in previous row )

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5
Q

What are the 4 main properties of transition metals?

A

1) variable oxidation states
2) form complex ions
3) form coloured compounds/ ions
4) act as catalysts

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6
Q

Why does Fe has a variable oxidation states?

A

2+ and 3+ ions

4s and 3d energy levels are so close in energy, so electrons gained and lost have a similar amount of energy

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7
Q

What is a catalyst? Give examples of 3 heterogenous catalysts, and one homogenous catalyst

A

Increases the rate of reaction by providing alternative pathway with lower AE

3 examples of use of heterogenous catalyst :

Haber process ( iron catalyst ( s ) ) to form ammonia

Formation of sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide and oxygen ( vanadium oxide ( s ) )

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogenation with nickel catalyst

1 example of homogenous catalyst :

Reaction between iodine ions and peroxodisulfate ions ( s2 o8 2- ) with fe 2+ ion catalyst ( all aqueous )

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide ( manganese( II ) oxide )

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8
Q

Why are chromium and copper exceptions exceptions in terms of electrons?

A

An electron from the 4s orbital moves into the 3d orbital to create a more stable half full / full 3d sub-shell

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9
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

A complex ion is a transition metal surrounded by coordinately bonded ligands.

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10
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule or ion that donates a lone pair of electrons to the central metal ion to form a dative covalent bond

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11
Q

What is the coordination number?

A

The number of coordinate bonds with the ligands and central transition metal.

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12
Q

What is a monodentate ligand? Give examples of this

A

The ligand donates one pair of electrons to form one dative covalent bond with a central metal ion.

Examples :

Water ( donates one pair of electron )
Ammonia
Chloride ions
Cyanide ions

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13
Q

What is a bidentate ligand? Give examples of this

A

Forms 2 covalent bonds wish the central transition metal

1) ethandioate ( C2O4 2- ) ( formed from a carboxylic acid ) ( 2 oxygen ions with a lone pair )
2) ethane-1,2-diamine ( 2 nitrogen ions with a lone pair )

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14
Q

What is a multidentate ligand? Give the main example

A

EDTA, EDTA 4-

Forms 6 coordinate bonds

4 O- and 2 N’s

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15
Q

What is the colour of Cu2+ ( aq)?

A

Blue

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16
Q

What is the colour of Cu(OH)2?

A

Blue precipitate

17
Q

What is the colour of the Fe2+(aq )?

A

Pale green

18
Q

What is the colour of Fe3+?

A

yellow

19
Q

What is the colour of Mn2+?

A

Pale pink/light pink

20
Q

What is the colour of Cr3+?

A

Violet in aqueous solution when surrounded by 6 H20 but can be green

21
Q

Why are scandium and zinc not transition metals?

A

Scandium only has an Sc3+ ion. The electronic configuration of this is …. . Scandium has an empty d sub shell. This is not partially filled, so it is therefore not a transition metal. Zinc only has a stable Zn2+ ion. The electronic configuration of this is ….. this is not partially filled so it is not a transition metal. They both do not meet the criteria ( mention definition )

22
Q

What is the colour of V2+, V3+, and VO 2+?( vanadium )

A

V 2+ = violet
V 3+ = green
VO 2+ = blue

23
Q

What is the colour of vanadium dioxide? ( VO2 + )

A

Yellow

24
Q

What is the colour of Mn2+?

A

Pale pink

25
Q

How are transition metals good for catalysis? What is the risks of catalysts?

A

Surfaces that allow substances to adsorb which lowers the AE of a reaction

Copper = chronic ( long term ) exposure can cause damage to liver - ring of copper in eye shows copper poisoning

Manganese = psychiatric issues and physical tremors

26
Q

What are the 3 types of complex shapes?

A

1) Octahedral shapes

  • coordination number 6
  • 90 degree bond angles

2) Tetrahedral

  • coordination number 4
  • 109.5 degrees

3) square planar ( silver )

  • coordination number 4
  • 90 degree

Specific example of anti cancer drug cis-platin

27
Q

How do you calculate the total oxidation state of the metal?

A

Total oxidation state - total oxidation state of ligand