Transfusion Flashcards
What are the blood components which the transufsion service provide and how are they obtained ?
- Red cells
- Platelets
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Cryoprecipitate
They are obtained by cetrifuging blood into its different components
What is plasma of the blood comprised of ?
Remember it holds the blood cells in suspension
- It is mostly water upto 95%,
- Dissolved proteins (6–8%) (i.e.—serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen)
- Glucose
- Clotting factors
- Electrolytes
- Hormones
- CO2 and O2 (much more CO2 than O2)
What are the different blood products (6 of them) which the transfusion servcie provides and how are they obtained ?
What is the key points to remember about how they are obtained ?
- Human Albumin
- Intravenous immunoglobulin
- Human normal immunoglobulin
- Specific immunoglobulins (eg tetanus, hepatitis B, varicella-zoster, rabies immunoglobulins)
- Anti-D immunoglobulin
- Prothrombin complex concentrates
Obtained by subjecting human plasma to a manufacturing process to obtain various plasma fractions (eg albumin, immunoglobulin, coagulation components).
The starting material for a batch of one of these products may consist of the plasma from up to 20 000 donations. So, when you infuse a bottle of albumin to a patient, you are exposing that patient to many thousands of donors.
How do you identify a blood component ? i.e. know what your looking at
- Quote what is on the component label (eg red cells in additive solution)
- And the donation number (eg G101604 921 865Y).
What is the point to remember about human blood products when giving it to a patient ?
That in giving one bottle of human blood products to a patient you are exposing that patient to many donors and ==> many antigens
What are the main requirements for blood donors in the UK?
volunteers
They need to be healthy – want donor to survive the process
Able to spare 465 ml of blood:
Min weight 50kg
- Hb 13.5 g/dL (males)
- Hb 12.5 g/dL (females)
What are the main reasons someone cannot donate (bar the Hb and weight previously mentioned)
We must exclude from donating any donor whose donation may be contaminated by:
bacteria (eg suffering from diarrhoea, unhealed cut to finger, skin disease at the venepuncture area, etc),
viruses (eg drug addicts, health care workers who have suffered a recent inoculation injury, recent tattoos, travel to areas of the world where certain viral diseases are endemic eg West Nile Virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus),
And protozoa (e.g. foreign travel with risk of malaria or trypanosomiasis).
Before blood donation what is the blood tested for ?
- HIV 1+2 -antibody + PCR
- HCV -antibody + PCR
- HBV -antigen + PCR
- Syphilis -antibody
- HTLV I + II -antibody
- HEV - PCR ( from 1.3.17)
Describe the process of the blood donation being taken to being separated out into its different components
- Donation collected into a primary blood bag which contains anticoagulant
- Primary bag of blood centrifuged into the different components - other bags are attached and each diff component separates off into a different back
- Red cells ran through a filter to deplete them of residual WBC’s (leucodeplete) into a nutrient bag
What are the storage conditions and shelf-life of the following:
- RBC’s
- Platelets
- Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
- RBC’s - Stored at 40C +/- 20 - shelf life 35 days
- Platelets - Stored at 220C with continual agitation - shelf life 7 days
- FFP - Stored at -300C for up to 3 years
What are the 3 main general types of blood groups to consider ?
- ABO
- Rh (D)
- Others
What is present on the surface of most cell membranes which may act as an antigen?
carbohydrates, proteins, glycoproteins visible on the outside of the cell outside the cell which may have the potential to stimulate an immune reaction which may include the production of antibody
