Transformation Rules for Functions

Question 1

f(x) + d

Answer 1

(x, y) -> (x, y + d) - vertical translation up d units

Question 2

f(x) - d

Answer 2

(x, y) -> (x, y - d ) - vertical translation down d units

Question 3

f(x + c)

Answer 3

(x, y) -> ( x - c , y) - horizontal translation left c units

Question 4

f(x - c)

Answer 4

(x, y) -> (x + c, y) - horizontal translation right c units