transformation of surgery

Question 1

what doe PILES stand for?

Answer 1

Pain
infection
loss of blood
enviroment
surgical tools

Question 2

whats barber surgeon?

Answer 2

someone with no priro eduction who woked at a barbers

Question 3

what did barber surgeon usally do?

Answer 3

let blood
extract teeth
simple operations
sell medicines
cut hair

Question 4

who was Pare and what did he do?

Answer 4

he was a barber surgoen and worked at war.
he was told to use boiling oil and cauterising with heat on th wounds, wen this run out he went backt o nautral remdies and bandages, this wokred and healed the wounds better/quicker. he also invented silk ligatures

Question 5

who discovered nitrus oxide?

Answer 5

Laughing gas

Humphrey davy

Question 6

when was nurtus oxide first used?

Answer 6

by Horace wells in a tooth extraction

Question 7

why was nitrus oxide bad?

Answer 7

it didnt last very long and it caused patients to move and laugh

Question 8

who discovered ether?

Answer 8

william morton 1846

Question 9

what were the drawbacks of ether?

Answer 9

irrated the lungs
induced vomiting
highly explosive
hard to transport and administer

Question 10

who first discovered cholorform?

Answer 10

samuel gaffery by combining whiskey and chlorinated lime.

but not used will later by simpson

Question 11

what were the drawbacks of chloroform?

Answer 11

it could stop the heart if too much was used/

Question 12

who made choloform safe to use?

Answer 12

John snow. by discovering a dosage inhaler.

Question 13

how did religion oppose anaesthetics/

Answer 13

the victorians were very religious and felt pain relief was against god

Question 14

how were doctors against anaesthetics?

Answer 14

they felf it was easier to di when uncoscious rather then struggling in pain

Question 15

how were patients aginst anaesthetics?

Answer 15

they idstrusted them as they were not fully understood and many people died

Question 16

who opposed anaesthetics.

Answer 16

patiens
doctors
religion

Question 17

what factors affected James simpons life?

Answer 17

chance-his experimentaion in his discovery

technolgy, new stuff helped him+new chemisrty

Question 18

what obstacles did james simpson face ?

Answer 18

chruch agianst anaesthetics
doctors
complicated surgery attemped under anaesthetics but they didnt work. distrust.

Question 19

what did james simpon do.

Answer 19

discovered choloform after experimetationwith chemicals

Question 20

what did james simpons discovery lead to?

Answer 20

pain relief and the process toward aseptic sugery

Question 21

why was there so much infection between 1845-1918

Answer 21

no gloves or masks
no sterilisation unclean tools
audience=germs
clother and wigs
sawdust on floor -germs

Question 22

what was ignaz semmelweiss’ idea?

Answer 22

use chlorinated lime when washing hands and equiptment to reduce childbed fever. he also ceaned rooms with it

Question 23

what happened as a result of semmelweiss’ idea? but why was he not listened to?

Answer 23

childbed fever deaths went down but he was seen as mad as he has no proof in his theory( germ theory now out yet so count be linked)

Question 24

who was Joseph lister and what did he do?

Answer 24

he was the father of antispetics.

Question 25

who influenced joseph lister?

Answer 25

semmelweiss the microscope and the germ theory

Question 26

who opposed joseph lister and why? why did people not like to use his idea?

Answer 26

surgens- carbolic acid used caused skin irritaion so surgery took longer. he changed his method to get it perect and people saw this as him covering up mistakes.

public- people are slow to accept change
lister was cold and aloof

Question 27

what was it like before lister?

Answer 27

no hand washing or serilisation

Question 28

what helped lister in his antipeptics?

Answer 28

germ theory helped him understand his ideas.
kocks ideas of septicaemia backed lister up
research into gangrene lead lister to use acid

Question 29

what was the short term impact of lister

Answer 29

introduced a way to redcue infection
use of gloves in 1884
use of sterilisation in 1887
aseptic sugery introduced.
sterilised catgut to tie off blodd vessels\

Question 30

what was the log term impact of joseph lister?

Answer 30

hosptitals became cleaner
complicated sugery attempted
less infection now

Question 31

what did karl landsteiner discover?

Answer 31

blood groups in 1900

Question 32

what were basic blood transfusions like?

Answer 32

they were cross species in the 17th century but it didnt always work and people didnt know why.

Question 33

what actualy did karl landsteiner discover about blood?

Answer 33

that there were groups that had compatibility and certain groups couldnt be mixed.

Question 34

what was set up in 1946 after landsteiners discovery.

Answer 34

the british national blood transfusion service

Question 35

who invented/discovered xrays?

Answer 35

Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895

Question 36

who invented radiography>

Answer 36

Aritoine henri bequerel and pierre and marie curie

Question 37

what is radiography?

Answer 37

they idscovered radioactive isotopes and used them to treat cancer in immunosupression and tumor drugs

Question 38

when was keyhole surgery developed/

Answer 38

in the 1890’s

Question 39

what were the first translants of?

Answer 39

a kidney in 1951 then a cornea

Question 40

what was the problem with transplants

Answer 40

poor life expenctancy and lost of organ rejection

Question 41

what did they originaly use to stop organ transplant rejction?

Answer 41

corticteroids as immunosuprenats then cyclosporin was used and approves and it has bee used since as it was better/safer.

Question 42

what was the imact of war on surgery, spesifically plastic surgery.

Answer 42

lost of caulties= practace

Question 43

what was introduced and descovered after/during the war/

Answer 43

skin grafting
xrays used to find shrapnel
medical card/records developed
false limps develped
blood storage
new saline sollution to stop infection