transformation of surgery Flashcards
what doe PILES stand for?
Pain infection loss of blood enviroment surgical tools
whats barber surgeon?
someone with no priro eduction who woked at a barbers
what did barber surgeon usally do?
let blood extract teeth simple operations sell medicines cut hair
who was Pare and what did he do?
he was a barber surgoen and worked at war.
he was told to use boiling oil and cauterising with heat on th wounds, wen this run out he went backt o nautral remdies and bandages, this wokred and healed the wounds better/quicker. he also invented silk ligatures
who discovered nitrus oxide?
Laughing gas
Humphrey davy
when was nurtus oxide first used?
by Horace wells in a tooth extraction
why was nitrus oxide bad?
it didnt last very long and it caused patients to move and laugh
who discovered ether?
william morton 1846
what were the drawbacks of ether?
irrated the lungs
induced vomiting
highly explosive
hard to transport and administer
who first discovered cholorform?
samuel gaffery by combining whiskey and chlorinated lime.
but not used will later by simpson
what were the drawbacks of chloroform?
it could stop the heart if too much was used/
who made choloform safe to use?
John snow. by discovering a dosage inhaler.
how did religion oppose anaesthetics/
the victorians were very religious and felt pain relief was against god
how were doctors against anaesthetics?
they felf it was easier to di when uncoscious rather then struggling in pain
how were patients aginst anaesthetics?
they idstrusted them as they were not fully understood and many people died
who opposed anaesthetics.
patiens
doctors
religion
what factors affected James simpons life?
chance-his experimentaion in his discovery
technolgy, new stuff helped him+new chemisrty
what obstacles did james simpson face ?
chruch agianst anaesthetics
doctors
complicated surgery attemped under anaesthetics but they didnt work. distrust.
what did james simpon do.
discovered choloform after experimetationwith chemicals
what did james simpons discovery lead to?
pain relief and the process toward aseptic sugery
why was there so much infection between 1845-1918
no gloves or masks no sterilisation unclean tools audience=germs clother and wigs sawdust on floor -germs
what was ignaz semmelweiss’ idea?
use chlorinated lime when washing hands and equiptment to reduce childbed fever. he also ceaned rooms with it
what happened as a result of semmelweiss’ idea? but why was he not listened to?
childbed fever deaths went down but he was seen as mad as he has no proof in his theory( germ theory now out yet so count be linked)
who was Joseph lister and what did he do?
he was the father of antispetics.
who influenced joseph lister?
semmelweiss the microscope and the germ theory
who opposed joseph lister and why? why did people not like to use his idea?
surgens- carbolic acid used caused skin irritaion so surgery took longer. he changed his method to get it perect and people saw this as him covering up mistakes.
public- people are slow to accept change
lister was cold and aloof
what was it like before lister?
no hand washing or serilisation
what helped lister in his antipeptics?
germ theory helped him understand his ideas.
kocks ideas of septicaemia backed lister up
research into gangrene lead lister to use acid
what was the short term impact of lister
introduced a way to redcue infection use of gloves in 1884 use of sterilisation in 1887 aseptic sugery introduced. sterilised catgut to tie off blodd vessels\
what was the log term impact of joseph lister?
hosptitals became cleaner
complicated sugery attempted
less infection now
what did karl landsteiner discover?
blood groups in 1900
what were basic blood transfusions like?
they were cross species in the 17th century but it didnt always work and people didnt know why.
what actualy did karl landsteiner discover about blood?
that there were groups that had compatibility and certain groups couldnt be mixed.
what was set up in 1946 after landsteiners discovery.
the british national blood transfusion service
who invented/discovered xrays?
Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895
who invented radiography>
Aritoine henri bequerel and pierre and marie curie
what is radiography?
they idscovered radioactive isotopes and used them to treat cancer in immunosupression and tumor drugs
when was keyhole surgery developed/
in the 1890’s
what were the first translants of?
a kidney in 1951 then a cornea
what was the problem with transplants
poor life expenctancy and lost of organ rejection
what did they originaly use to stop organ transplant rejction?
corticteroids as immunosuprenats then cyclosporin was used and approves and it has bee used since as it was better/safer.
what was the imact of war on surgery, spesifically plastic surgery.
lost of caulties= practace
what was introduced and descovered after/during the war/
skin grafting xrays used to find shrapnel medical card/records developed false limps develped blood storage new saline sollution to stop infection
