Transformation,conjugation and transduction: scientists, experiments and general info

Question 1

who discovered transformation?

Answer 1

Griffith in 1928

Question 2

What was griffith’s experiment and what did he discover?

Answer 2

discovered transformation. observed virulent strains were smooth (LPS) and mixed heat killed smooth and non virulent and mouse still died.

Question 3

Who showed the transformation principle was DNA in 1944?

Answer 3

Avery,Macleod and McCarty

Question 4

what is PLQ?

Answer 4

pores that allow DNA to reach import system in transformation

Question 5

what is ComEA protein?

Answer 5

protein that allows reception on dsDNA to cell surface (transformation)

Question 6

what moves through COME?

Answer 6

ssDNA

Question 7

what enzymes were used to show DNA was the transformation principle?

Answer 7

RNase,protease an DNAase

Question 8

what are 2 artificial transformation methods?

Answer 8

Cacl2 and electroporation

Question 9

what does a polylinker contain?

Answer 9

unique restriction sites for inserting foreign DNA

Question 10

what did Agnes Ullman discover?

Answer 10

blue/white screening

Question 11

what did Lederberg and Tatum discover?

Answer 11

conjugation

Question 12

what organism did Lederberg and Tatum use to discover conjugation?

Answer 12

auxotrophic e.coli

Question 13

what is an episome?

Answer 13

dna that can be in a plasmid form or integrated

Question 14

is an F factor an episome?

Answer 14

YES

Question 15

what are IS and where are they found?

Answer 15

insertion sequences found in the F plasmid

Question 16

who carried out the interrupted mating experiment using a blender?

Answer 16

Jacob and Wollman

Question 17

when was the interrupted mating experiment first carried out and by who?

Answer 17

Jacob and wollman in 1957

Question 18

what does dilution help do in interrupted mating experiments?

Answer 18

stops new matings and determines start time

Question 19

what are the first genes to be transferred in interrupted mating experiments?

Answer 19

F factor genes

Question 20

T or F:the closer the gene is to the OriT the slower it will be transferred?

Answer 20

FALSE it will be quicker the closer it is to OriT

Question 21

what genes are for the production of the pilus?

Answer 21

tra genes

Question 22

does the probability of mating cells breaking increase or decrease over time?

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

the later the gene enters the recipient cell the smaller the frequency of recombinants: T or F

Answer 23

True as the probability of the two mating cells breaking increases with time (PRODUCING a new HFR from HFR and F- is very low as F- rarely receives entire F factor)

Question 24

what does high resolution mapping use?

Answer 24

recombinant frequencies

Question 25

what is a prophage?

Answer 25

temperate bacteriophage integrated into host bacterium's chromosome

Question 26

what is a temperate phage?

Answer 26

phage that uses lytic or lysogenic cycle

Question 27

what is cotransduction?

Answer 27

transduction involving 2 or more genetic loci by a single phage( phage picks up as single piece of DNA as the genes are close together)

Question 28

who discovered transduction?

Answer 28

Josh Lederberg and Norton zinder

Question 29

Who are Josh lederberg and Norton zinder?

Answer 29

scientists that discovered transduction

Question 30

what experiments did lederberg and zinder carry out and what did they discover?

Answer 30

transduction through experiments with Salmonella typhirurium. They discovered recombinants from u tube and varied pore size to discover agent was P22 virus

Question 31

what is p22?

Answer 31

a temperate phage of salmonella typhirurium

Question 32

how did lederberg and zinder know the filterable agent in their experiment WAS P22?

Answer 32

they both had the same properties 1)size 2)antiserum sensitivity 3)immunity to hydrolytic enzymes

Question 33

what is the lander phage an example of?

Answer 33

a specialised temperate phage

Question 34

where does the lander phage always insert into and why?

Answer 34

between gal and bio region of host chromosome to ensure it is always integrated at the same point so when the lytic cycle is induced it can be excised precisely to create circular lander chromosome (can then remain in lysogenic cycle)

Question 35

what is the lytic cycle induced by?

Answer 35

UV