Transfer Pricing Terms Flashcards
Transfer Pricing
The setting of prices for transactions between related entities within a multinational corporation.
Arm’s Length Principle
The standard that transfer prices should be the same as those charged between unrelated parties under similar circumstances.
Comparable Uncontrolled Price (CUP) Method
A transfer pricing method that compares the price charged in a controlled transaction to the price charged in a comparable uncontrolled transaction.
Cost Plus Method
A transfer pricing method that adds an appropriate markup to the costs incurred by the supplier in a controlled transaction.
Resale Price Method
A transfer pricing method that determines the transfer price based on the resale price to an independent party, minus an appropriate gross margin.
Transactional Net Margin Method (TNMM)
A transfer pricing method that examines the net profit margin relative to an appropriate base (e.g., costs, sales) that a taxpayer realizes from a controlled transaction.
Profit Split Method
A transfer pricing method that allocates the combined profits from controlled transactions based on the relative value of each party’s contribution.
Functional Analysis
An analysis of the functions performed, risks assumed, and assets used by each party in a controlled transaction.
Benchmarking
The process of comparing a company’s transfer prices to those of comparable uncontrolled transactions.
Transfer Pricing Documentation
Documentation that supports the arm’s length nature of a company’s transfer pricing policies and practices.
Advance Pricing Agreement (APA)
An agreement between a taxpayer and tax authority on the appropriate transfer pricing methodology for future transactions.
Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
Strategies used by multinational companies to shift profits from high-tax jurisdictions to low-tax jurisdictions, eroding the tax base of the high-tax jurisdictions.
Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR)
A BEPS initiative requiring multinational enterprises to report income, taxes paid, and other indicators of economic activity for each country in which they operate.
Controlled Transaction
A transaction between two related entities within a multinational corporation.
Uncontrolled Transaction
A transaction between two unrelated entities.
Comparable
An uncontrolled transaction or entity that is similar to the controlled transaction or entity being analyzed.
Intangible Property
Non-physical assets such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights that can be transferred between related entities.
Tangible Property
Physical assets such as machinery, equipment, and inventory that can be transferred between related entities.
Royalty
A payment made for the use of intangible property.
Intercompany Agreement
A contract between related entities that outlines the terms and conditions of their transactions.
Transfer Pricing Adjustment
An adjustment made by tax authorities to a company’s transfer prices to ensure they reflect arm’s length prices.
Transfer Pricing Risk
The risk that a company’s transfer pricing practices will be challenged by tax authorities.
Transfer Pricing Policy
A company’s approach to setting transfer prices for transactions between related entities.