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BIO 142 > Transcription+Translation > Flashcards

Transcription+Translation Flashcards

1
Q

transposons

A

can be copied and inserted elsewhere in the genome

this is why they account for a large percentage of the repeated DNA sequences

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2
Q

lateral gene transfer

A

genetic information is transferred from one species to another

very common in prokaryotes

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3
Q

Sources of new genes

A

gene duplication

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4
Q

Gene duplication causes

A

often caused by mistakes in crossing over repeated elements

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5
Q

What does gene duplication result in?

A

gene ‘families’

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6
Q

Gene family

A

genes with similar sequences and often similar functions

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7
Q

Example of a gene family

A

hemoglobin groups

have different genes for oxygen carrying during different points in development

B-globin

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8
Q

How do transposons work?

A
  1. RNA polymerase makes mRNA of whole transposon
  2. LINE mRNA leaves the nucleus to be translated
  3. mRNA returns to nucleus
  4. Reverse transcriptase converts mRNA to LINE cDNA
  5. Integrase cuts the chromosomal DNA and inserts the LINE cDNA
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9
Q

What does integrase do?

A

cuts the chromosomal DNA in order for the LINE cDNA to be inserted

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10
Q

Where does LINE DNA originate from?

A

part of the chromosomal DNA sequence

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11
Q

Initiation of transcription in prokaryotes

A

sigma proteins bind to RNA polymerase and promoter sequences on DNA to bring them together

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12
Q

Promoter

A

sequence of genes

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13
Q

How do prokaryotes control gene transcription?

A

there are different sigma proteins that express different genes depending on what is needed

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14
Q

Elongation of transcription in prokaryotes

A

RNA polymerase moves in 5’ to 3’ direction to synthesize mRNA

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15
Q

What is the advantage of using RNA polymerase?

A

there is no need for a primer

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16
Q

What end does RNA polymerase add bases to?

A

3’ -OH end

17
Q

What direction is an RNA template read in?

A

3’ to 5’

18
Q

Termination of transcription in prokaryotes

A

transcription termination signal that codes for hairpin structure of RNA

19
Q

How is RNA hairpin formed?

A

RNA binds to itself

20
Q

Are genes in an operon transcribed together?

A

yes

operon has 1 promoter and 1 transcription termination signal

21
Q

Are genes in an operon translated together?

A

no

ribosomes bind at different points along the operon

22
Q

AUG encodes for which protein

A

methionine

23
Q

How does the ribosome read mRNA?

A

5’ to 3’

24
Q

which direction is the growing polypeptide synthesized?

A

N->C terminus

25
Q

termination in translation of prokaryotes

A

when stop codon is encountered a release factor enters the ribosome and causes it to release the peptide and disassemble

26
Q

release factor

A

looks like a tRNA that binds to the stop codon, but contains no amino acid

27
Q

Advantage of the operon

A

energy is conserved

genes can be turned off when not needed

28
Q

Energy used in synthesis of proteins

A

4 ATP are used for every base and there are 3 bases in each amino acid (codon). Roughly 300 amino acids in a prokaryotic protein, so that is a lot of energy!

29
Q

Initiation of transcription in eukaryotes

A

Transcription factors bind to the promoter sequence and RNA polymerase

30
Q

What do eukaryotic transcription factors help do?

A

they allow greater control of transcription

31
Q

Elongation and termination of transcription in eukaryotes

A

similar to prokaryotes

32
Q

mRNA processing

A

occurs in eukaryotes

splicing of introns, exons joined

5’ cap added

polyA tail added

33
Q

Initiation of translation in eukaryotes

A

lots of proteins and complex

proteins bind to the 5’ cap and bind the ribosome

ribosome ‘scans’ forward on the mRNA until it reaches the start codon

BIO 142 (14 decks)

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