Transcription to Translation

Question 1

RNA

Answer 1

Ribose not deoxyribose and makes RNA less stable
usually ss, but can form helix if self annealing

Question 2

Translated RNA

Answer 2

mRNA (messenger) sequences are translated into proteins that do things for a cell

Question 3

Functional RNA

Answer 3

rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, miRNA

Question 4

rRNA

Answer 4

ribosomal, guides protein assembly

Question 5

tRNA

Answer 5

transfer- brings amino acids to ribosome during translation

Question 6

snRNA

Answer 6

small nuclear, helps process mRNA before translation in eukaryotes

Question 7

miRNA

Answer 7

micro- regulates gene expression in eukaryotes

Question 8

TSS

Answer 8

Transcription starter sites
first transcribed nt is +1

Question 9

RNA Poly

Answer 9

significantly larger than DNA Poly
Can begin its own strand and start own transcription bubble
goes 3 to 5

Question 10

Prokaryote termination

Answer 10

Hairpin loop of GC rich region

Question 11

Eukaryote Vs. Prokaryote

Answer 11

Prokar
-transcription in cytosol
-protein translation is simultaneous
same promoters on genes
Eukar
Transcript. in nucleus
translation happens later
variable promoters
complex enhancesome

Question 12

mRNA maturity

Answer 12

needs 5 prime cap
Intron splicing: cuts out non-coding genes
Polyadenylation- adds long adenine tail to 3 end

Question 13

Exon

Answer 13

protein coding sequence that remains in mature mRNA

Question 14

Intron

Answer 14

mRNA sequence apliced out and not in mature

Question 15

Polyadenylation

Answer 15

nuclear trasnport
initiate translation
degrade mRNA
Cleavage enzyme recognizes signal.
* Snips RNA downstream.
* Adds 100-200 adenines to 3’ end

Question 16

5 Cap

Answer 16

Allows nuclear transport.
* Prevents degradation outside
nucleus.
* Helps initiate translation.

Question 17

Translation

Answer 17

RNA sequence used ton encode amino acid primary structure
-is carried out by ribosomes
these ribosomes read 5 to 3

Question 18

anticodon loop

Answer 18

recognizes mRNA codon via reverse compliment

Question 19

Translation Initiation

Answer 19

Met
P active site

Question 20

Protein Synthesis

Answer 20

tRNAs carrying amino acids enter the ribosome A active site

Ribosome creates peptide bond between the amino acids held by tRNAs
at P site and A site.

Question 21

Termination

Answer 21

tRNA at ribosome E site (exit) exits.

The A site is exposed over the next codon in mRNA.

This continues until a stop codon is exposed in the A site.

Question 22

Release Factor Proteins

Answer 22

bind stop codons and knock amino acid chain out of the ribosome
no anticodon
anter A site and react with the terminal end

Question 23

Translation summary

Answer 23

Ribosomes bind mRNA with the help of rRNA.
* mRNA read 5’ ➔ 3’ in codons, starting with AUG.
* Successful codon-anticodon pairing incorporates amino acid carried by tRNA.
* Ends with UGA, UAG, or UAA