Transcription Practices Flashcards
ASPIRATION
Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
Optional:
a. at the beginning of a syllable with secondary stress.
b. word-finally.
(pin, tin, cot, apart, across)
ADVANCED ARTICULATION
Velars have more forward articulation before front vowels.
key, geese
UNRELEASED STOP ARTICULATION
a. A stop is not released before another stop articulated at the same place.
b. A stop has inaudible release before a stop articulated at a different place (=overlapping articulation or double articulation).
c. Word-final stops may have inaudible release.
(hotdog, clipboard, sick girl; apt, act; mop, cat, sack)
DENTAL ARTICULATION
Alveolars become dental before dental consonants.
eighth, width, tenth, health
VELARIZATION
The alveolar lateral approximant [l] becomes velarized word-finally or before another consonant in the same syllable.
(feel, tilt)
OBSTRUENT DEVOICING
Obstruents (stop, fricatives and affricates) become devoiced word-finally.
(cab, mad, beg, maze, leave, judge)
FLAPPING
Alveolar stops [t] [d] ([n]?) are articulated as flaps between vowels if the first vowel is stressed.
(rider, Betty)
LIQUID AND GLIDE DEVOICING
Liquids and glides become devoiced when preceded by a syllable-initial voiceless stop. (play, cry, cue, twin)
(play, cry, cue, twin)
NASAL ASSIMILATION
Nasals may become homorganic to the following consonant.
emphasis, inferior, input, uncle
RETROFLEX ARTICULATION
Alveolar stops become retroflex when followed by a rhotic approximant which, in turn, will also have a retroflex articulation.
(train, drain)
SLLABIC NASALS AND LIQUIDS
Nasals and liquids become syllabic word-finally when preceded by a consonant.
(kitten, little)
LATERAL RELEASE
Alveolar stops are laterally released before an alveolar lateral approximant.
(fiddler)
LATERAL ONSET
The alveolar stops following the alveolar lateral approximant will have a lateral onset.
(build)
NASAL RELEASE
Stops are nasally released before a nasal of the same place of articulation.
(loudness)
NASAL ONSET
Stop consonants following a nasal of the same place of articulation will have nasal onset (the articulatory closure for the nasal is not released).
(went)
GLOTTALIZATION
The alveolar voiceless stop becomes glottalized when followed by a syllabic nasal.
(kitten)
NASALIZATION
Vowels become nasalized before a nasal in the same syllable.
(pen)
VOWEL LENGTHENING
Vowels are long before a voiced consonant in the same syllable and word-finally.
NOTE: we only mark length before voiced obstruents in the same syllable!
Vowels are half-long before a devoiced obstruent in the same syllable.
[ two triangles]
[ one triangle]
(ladle, bee)
LABIALIZATION
Consonants are pronounced with labialization before a rounded vowel or the labiovelar glide.
[ superscript w]
(boot)
FRONT VOWEL RETRACTION
Front vowels become retracted before the velarized lateral approximant in the same syllable.
[_]
(feel)
GLOTTAL FRICATIVE VOICING
The voiceless glottal fricative becomes voiced between two vowels.
(ahead)
RHOTACIZATION
Vowels (both monophthongs and diphthongs) become rhotacized (=rhotic) when followed by a rhotic approximate in the same syllable.
(bird, car, fear, lard)
AFFRICATE PRONUNCIATION
An alveolar stop plus an homorganic fricative will be pronounced as an alveolar affricate.
(cats, leads)
ASSIMILATION PHENOMENA
ATTENTION:
Observe the assimilation phenomena! (e.g., the assimilation in voicing in words such as rubbed, redcap, nagged, etc.)
