Transcription and Translation Flashcards
The strands in a double helix of DNA are:
Held together by hydrogen bonds, complementary, and antiparallel
In a nucleotide, the phosphate is attached to the sugar at the:
5’ carbon
What are purines?
Adenine and guanine
What are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil (RNA)
DNA is transcribed in which direction?
3’ to 5’
Successive nucleotides are linked by:
3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bonds
What are the components of eukaryotic transcription?
RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides
RNA is synthesized in which direction?
5’ to 3’
In eukaryotes, where do activator proteins bind?
Enhancers
In eukaryotes, where do general transcription factors bind?
Promoters
Transcription continues until:
A terminator sequence is encountered
Gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their:
Size
True/False: Denaturation of DNA is necessary step in Southern blotting procedure, because it separates double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA
True
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate towards the _____ pole of the the electric field
Positive
A Southern blot is a technique that relies on hybridization of:
A nucleic acid probe to a complementary DNA
Alternative splicing allows for:
Different polypeptides to be made from a single gene
RNA processing occurs in the:
Nucleus
The type of RNA that physically interacts with the ribosome, providing the sequence information for a specific protein
mRNA
Alternative splicing means that:
Different spliced forms contain different combinations of exons
An intron is:
an RNA sequence that is removed during the processing of a RNA molecule in the nucleus
The unfolding of a protein by heat or chemical treatment is referred to as:
Denaturation
The fully folded structure of a functional protein composed of a single polypeptide chain is referred to as:
Tertiary
Proteins that prevent inappropriate falling of newly synthesize proteins are called:
Chaperones
True or false: Most proteins retain metabolic activity when denatured
False
What factors have an effect on the shape of a protein?
Temperature, concentration of ions, presence of hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules, pH
What step occurs in the E site of the ribosome during translation?
An uncharged TNA is ejected from the site as the ribosome slides to the next codon
Which step occurs in the P site of the ribosome during translation?
The tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves to this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon
When a charged tRNA about to bind to the vacant A site of a ribosome, where is the growing polypeptide?
The P site
Binding sites for tRNA are located in:
The large ribosomal subunit
What anticodon in tRNA would pair with the codon 5’-AUG-3’?
5’-CAU-3’
Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are:
Similar in structure and translate, using the same genetic code
If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the RNA level?
The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made.
Where does RNA polymerase bind?
The promoter
Where does transcription begin?
The +1, or initiation, site
How does transcription terminate in prokaryotes?
Rho moves up the mRNA and induces a change in RNA polymerase
How does transcription terminate in eukaryotes?
Endonuclease ends the RNA after the Poly A signal sequence
What are the bonds in primary protein structure?
Peptide bonds
What is the primary level of protein structure?
Polypeptide
What is the secondary level of protein structure?
Alpha helixes and beta sheets
What are the bonds in secondary protein structure?
Hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary level of protein structure?
The fully folded form of a polypeptide
