Transcription and Translation

Question 1

The strands in a double helix of DNA are:

Answer 1

Held together by hydrogen bonds, complementary, and antiparallel

Question 2

In a nucleotide, the phosphate is attached to the sugar at the:

Answer 2

5’ carbon

Question 3

What are purines?

Answer 3

Adenine and guanine

Question 4

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 4

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil (RNA)

Question 5

DNA is transcribed in which direction?

Answer 5

3’ to 5’

Question 6

Successive nucleotides are linked by:

Answer 6

3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

What are the components of eukaryotic transcription?

Answer 7

RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides

Question 8

RNA is synthesized in which direction?

Answer 8

5’ to 3’

Question 9

In eukaryotes, where do activator proteins bind?

Answer 9

Enhancers

Question 10

In eukaryotes, where do general transcription factors bind?

Answer 10

Promoters

Question 11

Transcription continues until:

Answer 11

A terminator sequence is encountered

Question 12

Gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their:

Answer 12

Size

Question 13

True/False: Denaturation of DNA is necessary step in Southern blotting procedure, because it separates double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA

Answer 13

True

Question 14

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate towards the _____ pole of the the electric field

Answer 14

Positive

Question 15

A Southern blot is a technique that relies on hybridization of:

Answer 15

A nucleic acid probe to a complementary DNA

Question 16

Alternative splicing allows for:

Answer 16

Different polypeptides to be made from a single gene

Question 17

RNA processing occurs in the:

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

The type of RNA that physically interacts with the ribosome, providing the sequence information for a specific protein

Answer 18

mRNA

Question 19

Alternative splicing means that:

Answer 19

Different spliced forms contain different combinations of exons

Question 20

An intron is:

Answer 20

an RNA sequence that is removed during the processing of a RNA molecule in the nucleus

Question 21

The unfolding of a protein by heat or chemical treatment is referred to as:

Answer 21

Denaturation

Question 22

The fully folded structure of a functional protein composed of a single polypeptide chain is referred to as:

Answer 22

Tertiary

Question 23

Proteins that prevent inappropriate falling of newly synthesize proteins are called:

Answer 23

Chaperones

Question 24

True or false: Most proteins retain metabolic activity when denatured

Answer 24

False

Question 25

What factors have an effect on the shape of a protein?

Answer 25

Temperature, concentration of ions, presence of hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules, pH

Question 26

What step occurs in the E site of the ribosome during translation?

Answer 26

An uncharged TNA is ejected from the site as the ribosome slides to the next codon

Question 27

Which step occurs in the P site of the ribosome during translation?

Answer 27

The tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves to this site as the ribosome slides to the next codon

Question 28

When a charged tRNA about to bind to the vacant A site of a ribosome, where is the growing polypeptide?

Answer 28

The P site

Question 29

Binding sites for tRNA are located in:

Answer 29

The large ribosomal subunit

Question 30

What anticodon in tRNA would pair with the codon 5’-AUG-3’?

Answer 30

5’-CAU-3’

Question 31

Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are:

Answer 31

Similar in structure and translate, using the same genetic code

Question 32

If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the RNA level?

Answer 32

The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made.

Question 33

Where does RNA polymerase bind?

Answer 33

The promoter

Question 34

Where does transcription begin?

Answer 34

The +1, or initiation, site

Question 35

How does transcription terminate in prokaryotes?

Answer 35

Rho moves up the mRNA and induces a change in RNA polymerase

Question 36

How does transcription terminate in eukaryotes?

Answer 36

Endonuclease ends the RNA after the Poly A signal sequence

Question 37

What are the bonds in primary protein structure?

Answer 37

Peptide bonds

Question 38

What is the primary level of protein structure?

Answer 38

Polypeptide

Question 39

What is the secondary level of protein structure?

Answer 39

Alpha helixes and beta sheets

Question 40

What are the bonds in secondary protein structure?

Answer 40

Hydrogen bonds

Question 41

What is the tertiary level of protein structure?

Answer 41

The fully folded form of a polypeptide