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Genetic Molecular Biology > Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

rRNA

A

makes up ribosome EP

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2
Q

mRNA

A

involved in transcription EP

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3
Q

tRNA

A

carries anticodon and amino acids EP

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4
Q

snRNA

A

processes pre-mRNA E

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5
Q

snoRNA

A

processing and assembling rRNA E

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6
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits translation of mRNA E

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7
Q

siRNA

A

sets off degradation of RNA molecules E

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8
Q

piRNA

A

suppress transcription of transposable elements in reproductive cells E

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9
Q

CRISPR RNA (crRNA)

A

destruction of foreign DNA P

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10
Q

lncRNA

A

regulates epigenetic function E

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11
Q

what confirmed DNA is main template of transcription

A

electron microscopy

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12
Q

ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP)

A

building block of RNA
RNA+RNTP=RNA+PPi

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13
Q

Bacterial RNAP

A

two alpha
one beta
one beta prime
one omega

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14
Q

sigma factor

A

controls where promoter binds EP

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15
Q

holoenzyme

A

RNA pol with sigma factor

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16
Q

RNAP 1

A

transcribes large rRNA E

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17
Q

RNAP 2

A

premRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and miRNA E

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18
Q

RNAP 3

A

tRNA, siRNA, snRNA, miRNA E

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19
Q

RNAP 4

A

in plants, siRNA

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20
Q

RNAP 5

A

in plants, heterochromatin formation

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21
Q

Bacterial transcription (initiation)

A

-10 TATAAT and -35 TTGACA
RNAP and sigma factor recognizes sequences

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22
Q

Bacterial transcription (elongation)

A

RNAP unwinds DNA and adds ribonucleotides at 3’
RNAP breaks off and continues adding…

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23
Q

transcriptional pausing

A

come from secondary structures or presence of nucleosomes in E

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24
Q

who proof reads in transcription

A

RNAP

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25
Q

bacterial transcription (termination)

A

RHO dependent
RHO independent: hairpin structure

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26
Q

tRNA structure

A

ribothymine
pseudouridine

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27
Q

tRNA addition cite

A

CCA to the 3’

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28
Q

bacterial rRNA

A

70s (50s large, 30s small)

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29
Q

eukaryotic rRNA

A

80s (60s large, 40s small)

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30
Q

when is rRNA processed

A

after transcription

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31
Q

RNA interferences (RNAi)

A

kills foreign viruses and transposons

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32
Q

siRNA miRNA

A

help turn premRNA to mRNA

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33
Q

Beadle and Tatun

A

developed method for isolating auxotrophic mutants in neurospora

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34
Q

homopolymers

A

polymer made from many copies of a single repeating unit

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35
Q

poly (u)

A

directs incorporation of phenylalanine

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36
Q

poly(a)

A

incorporation of lysine

37
Q

poly (c)

A

incorporation of proline

38
Q

poly (g)

A

did not yield interpretable results

39
Q

random copolymers

A

yielded info about the base composition of the codons, not exact sequence

40
Q

ribosome bound tRNA in experiment

A

provide additional info about genetic code

41
Q

nonstandard base pairing

A

wobble position

42
Q

wobble hypothesis (Francis Crick)

A

third position wobble allows for the anticodon of tRNA to pair with more than one codon

43
Q

mRNA reading frame

A

from initiation to termination

44
Q

fMET

A

tRNAimet delevers to ribosome
insures correct reading frame E(met) P(formy)

45
Q

termination codons

A

UAA UAG UGA EP

46
Q

start codons

A

AUG CUG E
GUG UUG P

47
Q

eukaryotic translation (intiation)

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetic
5’cap binding site
assembly (mRNA, large and small ribosome, aminoacyl-tRNA, initiation factors, and GTP)
kozak sequence

48
Q

bacterial translation (initiation)

A

shine dalgarno (attachment of small and large ribosome)

49
Q

eukaryotic translation (elongation)

A

70S aminoacyltRNAs
elongation factors
and GTP

50
Q

eukaryotic translation (termination)

A

UAA, UAG, UGA
release factors 1,2,3

51
Q

polyribosome

A

multiple translation sites on one mRRNA

52
Q

messenger RNA surveillance

A

detect and correct mRNA errors

53
Q

stalled ribosome

A

tmRNA fixes P
3’ cleave with nonstop RNA decay E

54
Q

no go decay (NGD)

A

fix stalled ribosome

55
Q

tetracycline

A

blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA

56
Q

streptomycin

A

prevents the transition from initiation complex to chain elongation

57
Q

chloramphenicol

A

blacks the peptide transferase reaction on ribosome

58
Q

cycloheximide

A

blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes

59
Q

rifamycin

A

blocks initiation of transcription by binding to RNA pol

60
Q

positive regulation

A

stimulate gene expression

61
Q

negative regulation

A

inhibits gene expression

62
Q

DNA binding motifs

A

helix turn helix EP
zinc finger E
steroid receptor E
leucine zipper E
helix loop helix E
homeodomain E

63
Q

operons

A

series of structural genes, a promoter, and an operator

64
Q

inducible operon

A

off to on

65
Q

repressible

A

on to off

66
Q

neg inducible operon

A

binding molecule is inhibitory
usually off and need on

67
Q

neg inducible operon

A

repressor
off to on

68
Q

negative repressible operon

A

repressor
on to off

69
Q

positive control

A

activator (lac operon)

70
Q

lac operon (no lactose)

A

repressor is active
little translation
no beta-galactosidase, lactose permeate, thiogalactoside

71
Q

lac operon (lactose present)

A

Allolactose binds to regulator and enables it
active translation

72
Q

positive control and catabolite repression

A

glucose is up camp is down
vice versa
camp means more translation

73
Q

trp operon E.Coli

A

convert chorismate to tryptophan
trpE trpD trpC trpB trpA

74
Q

riboswitches

A

influence secondary structure in mRNA
effect transcription

75
Q

ribozymes

A

induce cleavage and degradation of mRNA

76
Q

DNase 1 hypersensistivity

A

chromatin configuration cite is more open (1000 bp) (gene regulation)

77
Q

chromatin remodeling

A

reposition nucleosomes (gene regulation)

78
Q

histone mods

A

methylation decrease gene expression
acetylation increase in gene expression

79
Q

chromatin immonuoprecitation

A

DNA binding site identification (gene regulation)

80
Q

transcriptional activators and coactivators

A

help basal apparatus
regulate galactose

81
Q

enhancers and insulators

A

enhancers distance away from promoter
insulator insulates the effect of enhancer

82
Q

coordinate gene reg

A

gene groups activated by same stimulus

83
Q

stalling and elongation

A

heat shock proteins

84
Q

response elements

A

upstream of start
respond to environmental stimulus

85
Q

RNA splicing

A

gene regualtion

86
Q

RISC

A

leads to degradation of mRNA

87
Q

RITS

A

altering chromatin structure

88
Q

translation or protein mods

A

5’ UTR

Genetic Molecular Biology (1 decks)

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